With the closing years of the century, however, to judge from the energy of the papists, it must have been apparent again in a more prominent manner, and from this period dates one of the severest of religious perse ■
LOMBARD (US)
497
LOMENIE
cutions. In 1494, Robert Blacater, the first archbishop of Glasgow, sought to display his zeal for the Church by a wholesale attack on the pious followers of Lollard- ism. Accordingly, thirty suspected persons, both male and female, were summoned before the king (James IV) and the great council. Among them were Reid of Bar- skimming, Campbell of Cessnock, Campbell of Newmills, Shaw of I'olkemmet, Helen Chalmers, lady Polkillie, and Isabel Chalmers, lady Stairs. According to Knox (Ilis- iory oftlic Reformation, p. 2), their indictment contained thirty-four different articles, which he informs us are preserved in the Register of Glasgow. Among the chief of these were, that images, relics, and the Virgin are not proper objects of worship ; that the bread and wine in the sacrament are not transubstantiated into the body and blood of Christ; that no priest or pope can grant absolutions or indulgences; that masses cannot protit the dead; that miracles have ceased; and that jiriests may lawfidly marry. Providentially for the Lollards of Kyle, king James IV, " a monarch who, with all his faidts, had yet too much of manliness and can- dor to permit his judgment to be greatly swayed by the mahgnity of the prelates," declined to be a persecutor of any of his people for such moderate reason, and dis- missed the prisoners with an admonition to beware of new doctrines, and to content themselves with the faith of the Chiu-ch. It is by many believed, however, that one particular reason why king James IV abstained from intlicting any punishment on these Lollards of Kyle was their influence and the wide spread of the doctrines they adhered to, and that " divers of them were his great fa- miliars'' (compare Lea, Hist. Sacerdotal Celibacy, p. 508 ; lictberington, Hist. Ch. of Scotland, i, 34 sq.).
Literature. — IMuch information concerning the Lol- lards may be derived from tlie lives of Wickliffe by Lewis, Le Bas, and especially Vaughan. Fox, in his Martyrolo(jij, often presents very disconnected docu- ments exceedingly valuable. Walsingham {Chronica), Knighton, and Walden have contributed important evi- dence, although by no means favorable, which subse- quent \vriters have used. The fuller histories of Eng- land, as Rapin, for instance, present some leading facts concerning the LoUards in connection with contempo- rary political movements. The most satisfactory ac- count of the later Lollards is found in articles by Lech- ler in the Histor. Zeitschrift for 1853 and 1854. He has given citations from works hitherto unpublished, which he examined in the libraries of the English universities. See also Wilkins, Concilia Magna Britimnica (London, 1737, iii) ; Turner, Hist07-y of England during the Middle Ages; Weber, Gesch.d. Kirchen Ref in Grossbritannien (1856), vol. i; Neander, C/i. -ffw/o?-^, v, 141 sq. ; Milman, Hist, of Lai. Christianity, vii,404 sq. ; Mosheim, Eccles. Hist. 13th cent. p. 323 ; 14th cent. p. 381, 392, etc. ; 15th cent. p. 438 sq. ; Shoberly, Persecutions of Popery, i, 135 sq. ; LTllmann, Reform, before the Reformation, ii, 11, 14; Ebrard, Kirchen xind Dogmengesch. ii, 3G0, 450, 462 sq. ; Gillett, Life and Times of John Huss, i, 370 sq., 628, In- dex for 'Wickliffe ; Punchard, IHst. of Congregationalism (N. Y. 1865, 2 vols. 12mo), i, 237 sq. ; Butler (C. M.), Ec- cles. Hist, second series (Philadel. 1872, 8vo), p. 365 sq., 378, 381 sq., 388 ; Lea, Hist, of Sacerdotal Celibacy, p. 379 sq. ; Reichel, Hist, of the Roman See in the Middle Ages, p. 571 sq. ; Studien u. Kritiken, 1845, iii, 594 sq. ; 1848, i, 169 sq.; Chr. Rev. vo\.\\n; Christ. Remem. 1853 {Oct.), p. 415 ; Ladies' Rejws. 1870 (Sept.), p. 189 sq.
Lombard(us), Peter, a very noted scholastic the- ologian, derived his name from the province in which he was born, near Novara, in Lombardy, about the opening of the 12th century. He studied at Bologna, Rheims, and afterwards at Paris. Here he acquired a great rep- utation, was made first professor of theology in the mii- versity, and subsequently (in 1159) appointed bisliop. He died in the French capital in 1164. Lombardus was considered one of the best scholars of his day, and a zeal- ous priest. His principal work, Sententiarum libri qua- 'uor, is a collection of passages from the fathers, of v.— Ii
which he attempted to conciliate the apparent contra- dictions, somewhat in the manner in which Gratian at- tempted it in his Decret. He may be considered as the first author who collected theological doctrines into a complete system, and, whatever the faults of his work, it is the foimdation of scholastic theology, and shows much care and system. It became the text-book in the schools of philosophy, obtained for him the title of "Master of Sentences" {M agister Sententiarum), and placed him at the head of the scholastic divines. The work was first published at Venice (1477, fol.) in four parts, each divided into different headings. After his death, one of the propositions contained in it (" Christus, secimdum quod est homo, non est aliquid") was con- demned by pope Alexander III. Thomas Aquinas and others have written commentaries on the book. He also wrote Commenfaire sur les Psainnes (Paris, 1541, fob): — Commentaire sur les EjAti-es de St. Paul (1537, fol.). His complete works were published at Nurem- berg in 1478, and at Basle in 1486. An able editor was foimd in Aleaume, who published Peter the Lombard's works at Louvain in 1546. The best edition of the Sen- tences is by Antouie Ghenart (Louvain, 1567, 4to). See Herzog, Real-EncyMop. s. v.; Neander, Hist, of Chi'istian Dogmas (Bohn's edit.), vol. ii (see Index) ; Hcfele, Con- ciliengesch. v, 545, 639, 785; Renter, Alexander TIL, vol. iii ; Dupin, Nouv. Biblioth. des aniiq. Ecclesiastiques, xvi, 45 sq. ; 'Wetzer mid 'Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, vi, 583 sq. (J.H.-W.)