The terror inspired bj' such executions and enact- ments drove man}'' into exile. They fled, says Fox, '■ into Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and into the wilds of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, working there many marvels against their fiilse kingdom too long to write." It was, of course, the most distinguished mem- bers of the sect who had most to apprehend, and who were the first to flee. Those who remained behind be- longed very largely to the middle or the lower class. From time to time we meet with the name of some more eminent offender, and, from the precautions taken by their persecutors, we may form some idea of the con- tinued energy as well as existence of the Lollards. Lech- ler, in the Zeitschriftfur Hist. Thtol. (1853, vol, iv), has traced the evidences of their presence and influence in England down to the date of the Lutheran Keformation, The precious legac}^ of the Lollard faith was transmit- ted, along with MS. translations of the Scriptures and Lollard books, from generation to generation ; and among the English martyrs, just before as well as after the commencement of the Iveformation, there were several who might most appropriately be denominated Lollards. The prevalence of their views as late as the middle of the 15th century is attested by the elaborate effort which Ileginald Peacock, successively bishop of St. Asaph and of Chichester, made to refute them. His earlier years had been spent in London, in the work of instruction, and here he had become familiar with the work of the LoUards, and the arguments by which they were maintained. With great ingenuity, and" with a commendable patience, he umlertook their refutation, giving to this method the decided preference over chains, prison, and the stake. Convicted at length himself of holding heretical opinions, and removed from the epis-
copal office, he spent the last three years of his life in prison, and by some, although unwarrantat)ly, was re- garded as a Lollard. On some points his views, indeed, approximated to those of the hated sect, but his writ- ings derive their historical value from the exhibition which they make of the doctrines maintained by the Lollards, or " I3ible-men," as he sometimes calls them, and the evidence which they afford of their extensive acceptance. Here we see that for nearly two full gen- erations the same doctrinal views which had been ac- cepted by the immediate followers of Wickliffe were still retained by their successors, and during the two gener- ations which followed they underwent no material change. Thus, when the English Reformation of the IGth century commenced, it derived a new impulse from the earlier Lollard movement which it was destined to absorb into itself. Nor is it a mere fancy which has led writers like Lechler to assert an important and vital connection between the LoUardism of the 15th and the Puritanism of the IGth century. (E. H. G.)
Scottish Lollards. — LoUardism was by no means con- fined to the southern portion of the British Islands. It penetrated also into Scotland, and in the real home of the Culdees (q. v.) — the land where a simple and prim- itive form of Christianity had been established, while among her southern neighbors Eome presented a vast accumulation of superstitions, and was arrayed -in her well-known pomp — received the countenance of those whose position and influence were well calculated to aid in its dissemination among a people that had freely im- bibed the spirit of religious reformation so prevalent among the English in the 1-lth century-, especially in the reign of Richard II, at the time of the passage of the statute of prmmunire (A.D. 1389). More particu- larly rapid was the spread of the reformatory spirit iu Scotland in the western districts, those of Kyle, Carrick, and Cunningham, and hence the surname for the Scotch LoUards, Lollards ofKijle, as they were oftentimes call- ed. The clergy, aware of the danger that threatened their state of profligacy and ease, at last, in the begin- ning of the 15th century, made open war upon these si- lent antagonists. The first to suffer from the persecu- tion which they inaugurated was a certain John Resb}', an English priest who had fled northward from perse- cution, and in the land of refuge also was fast making converts to his cause. The leading authority and influ- ence in the land was at this time the see of St. Andrews (compare Dean Stanley's Lectures on the Eccles. History of Scotland, p. 45), over which bishop Henry AVardlaw was now presiding. By his interference Eesby was tried before Dr. Laurence de Lindoris, afterwards professor of common law at St. Andrews, and on his refusal to re- tract his views about the supremacy of the pope, au- ricular confession, transubstantiation, etc., was burnt at Perth in 1405 or 1407, According to Pinkerton. such a scene was unknown before in Scotland, The burning of Resby is given in the twentieth chapter of the fif- teenth book of the Scotichronicon. StiU these opinions continued to extend, especially in the south and west of Scotland, The regent, Robert, duke of Albany, was known to be opposed to the Lollards; and though king James I was by no means blind to prevailing abuses in the Church, an act of Parliament was passed during his reign, in 14-25, by which bishops were required to make inquisition in their dioceses for heretics, in order that they might undergo condign punishment. This act was soon to be put in force. In 1433 another victim for the stake was secured in the person of Paul Craw or Crawar, a physician of Prague, who had sought refuge from persecution in Scotland, As he made no secret of his Lollard or Hussite opinions, he v. as arraigned before Lindoris and condemned to the flames. After this time we hear but little ni LoUardism for (piite a long period.