That the common age of man has been the same in all times since the world was generally repeopled is manifest from profane as well as sacred histor}'. Plato lived to the age of 81, and was accounted an old man ; and those whom Pliny reckons up (vii, 48) as rare ex- amples of long life may for the most part be equalled in modern times. It must be observed, however, that all the supposed famous modern instances of verj- great longevity, as those of Parr, Jackson, and the old count- ess of Desmond, have utterly broken down on examina- tion, and that the registers of coimtries where records of such statistics have been kept i^-ove no greater extreme than about 110 years. We may fortunately appeal to at least one contemporary instance. There is an Egj-p- tian hieratic papyrus in the Bibliotheque at Paris bear- ing a moral discourse by one Ptah-hotp, apparently eld- est son of Assa (B.C. cir. 1910-18G0), the fifth king of the fifteenth dynasty, which was of shepherds. Sec Egypt. At the conclusion, Ptah-hotp thus speaks of himself: '-I have become an elder on the earth (or in the land) ; I have traversed a hundred and ten years of life by the gift of the king and the approval of the el- ders, fullillhig my duty towards the king in the place of favor (or blessing)"' {Facsimile, d'lui Papyrus Egyptian, par E. Prisse d' Avenues, pi. xix, lines 7, 8). The natu- ral inferences from this passage are, that Ptah-hotp wrote in the full possession of his mental faculties at the age of 110 years, and that his father was still reign- ing at the time, and therefore had attained the age of about 130 years, or more. The reigns assigned by Ma- netho to the shepherd-kings of this dynasty seem in- dicative of a greater age than that of tlie Egyptian sov- ereigns (Cory, Ancient Fragments, 2d ed., p^lU, 136),— Kitto: Smith, See CnRONOLOGV.
Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, a noted Greek phi- losopher and rhetorician, was born probably in Syria, and tiourished in the od century of our a^ra. He" was educated at Alexandria under Ammonius and Origen, and became an earnest discijile of Platonism, To ex- pound this system and to teach rhetoric, he opened a school at Athens, and there soon acquired a great repu- tation. His knowledge was immense, and to him was first applied the phrases, often repeated since, '• a living
librar}'" and " a walking museum." His taste and crit- ical acuteness also were no less wonderful. He was probably the best critic of all antiquity. Flourishing in an age when Platonism was giving place to the semi- Oriental mysticism and dreams of Neo-Platonism, Lon- ginus stands out conspicuously as a genuine disciple of the great master. Clear, calm, rational, yet lofty, he despised the fantastic speculations of Plotinus (q, v,). In the latter years of his life he accepted the invitation of Zenobia to undertake the education of her children at Palmyra ; but, becoming also her prime jwlitical adviser, he was beheaded as a traitor, by command of the em- peror Aurelian, A,D. 273. Longinus was a heathen, but generous and tolerant. Of his works, the only one extant (in parts only) is a treatise, Tltpi "Yi^oi'c (On the Sublime). There are many editions of it ; those by Moms (Leips. 17G9), Toupius (Oxford, 1778 ; 2d edition, 1789; 3d edit., 1806J,\Veiske (Leipsic, 1809), and Egger (Paris, 1837) being among the best. Translations have been made of it into French by Boileau, into German by Schlosser, and into English by W. Smith. See Kuhn- ken, Dissertatio de Vita et Scrijitis Longini (1776); Smith, Diet. ofGr, and Rom, Biog. s. v. ; Chambers, Cy- clop, s, V,
Longley, Charles Thomas, D,D,, the last pri- mate of all England, was born in Westmeathshire in 1794, and was educated at "Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, where he distinguished himself as a first-class scholar in classics. After graduating, he re- mained for some time connected with the miiversity as college tutor, censor, and public examiner. He became perpetual ciu-ate of Cowley in 1823, and rector of West Tytherley in 1827, and head master of Harrow School in 1829. In 1836 he was appointed bishop of Ripon, and in 1856 was translated to Durham, in 1860 to the archbishopric of York, and in 1862 to that of Canter- bur}'. Over this see, by virtue of which he was primate of the Church of England, and first of all the Anglican bishops of the world, he presided untU his death, October 27, 1868. "Archbishop Longley belonged ecclesiasti- cally to the old school of 'moderate' Establishment di- vines, but in the last three years of his administration his amiable temper, co-operating with his instinctive hyper-conser%-atism, led him to temporize with the reck- less and audacious policy of bishop Wilberforce and the High-Anglicans, and he became a most inadequate stand- ard-bearer for the English Church in her supreme hour. Incapable of bold and persistent action, the latter por- tion of his primacy ^vas marked by a series of disastrous vacillations and blunders. He first gave his counte- nance to the bishop of Capetown in his revolutionary action in South Africa, and then withdrew that counte- nance. In an interval of reason he encoiu-aged lord Shaftesbury to introduce his anti-ritualistic resolutions, and then he shiveringly v.-ithdrew his approval when they came up for action." The most important event during his administration was the so-called "Pan-An- glican" Synod, a meeting of all the bishops of the Church of England and the churches in communion with her, convened in 1867, a measure instigated, it is said, by bishop Willierforce (q. v.), to stop the tide of ritualism, and to bring about, if possible, a union with the Greek Church (see Appleton's A nmial Cyclo]}. 18C7, p. 42 sq.). In this synod the archbishop of Canterbury proved entirely untrustworthy. Himself inclining to- wards ritualism, he moderately rebuked the l!itu;ilists in pulilic, while iirivately he favored their promotion, and was instrumental in their appointment to colonial bisho]irics. He was decidedly a High-Churchman, and, though in person amiable, devout, dignified, and court- eous, he showed, in his disastrous primacy, how mifitted are mere moderation, and a desire simply for compro- mise and peace, to guide the Church in times when her foundations arc assailed. We will onh- add that arch- bishop Longley died as he had lived, a man of profoundly pious feeling that fell a little too much into formula. He referred to words of Hooker's some three or four