autumn of 773 Charlemagne invaded Italy, and in l\Iay of the following year Pavia was conquered, and the Lom- bard kingdom was overthrown. In 803 a treaty between Charlemagne, the western, and Nicephorus, the eastern emperor, confirmed the right of the former to the Lom- bard territorj-, with Rome, the Exarchate, Ravenna, Is- tria, and part of Dalmatia; while the Eastern empire retained the islands of Venice and the maritime towns of Dalmatia, with Naples, Sicily, and part of Calabria. See T lirk, Z'te Longobardeyi nnd ihr Volksrecht (Rost. 1835) ; Flegler, Das Konigreich dei- LoTUjoharden in Ital- ien (Leipz. 1851) ; Abel, Der Untergang d. Longobarden- reichs in Italien (Gott. 1858) ; Leo, Gesch, d, ital. Staaten (1829), vol.i ; Hautleville, Ilist.des Communes Lomhai-des depuis leur origine jusqu'u la Jin du xiii Si'ecle (Paris, 1857), vol. i ; Reichel, liomun See in the Middle Ages, p, 50 sq. ; Milvaan, Hist, of Latin Christianity, i,A~2; ii, 39 sq. See Lombardy, (E. B. O.)
Longobardi, Niccoi.b, a Jesuit missionarj-, was born in Switzerland in 1565. He went to China as mis- sionary in 1596, and died in 1655 at Pekin. He wrote De Confucio ejusque Docfrina Tracfatus. See Leibo- ritz's notes to a recent edition. See Hoefer, Koui\ Biog. Generale, s. v.
Longuerue, Louis nu Four, abhe de, an eminent, learned French ecclesiastic, born at Charleville Jan. 6, 1652, was the son of a Norman nobleman. When but four years old he was generally known as a learned prodigy. At foiu-teen he understood several Oriental languages, and undertook to get a complete Iviiowledge of the holy Scriptures by making diligent study of the fathers and of the Jewish and Christian commentators. The Sorbonne, which he sometimes visited, only gave him a distaste for scholastic theology ; he preferred to reconstruct positive theology from the original, after the manner of P. Petau, where he found more exactness and stability. In 1674 he was pro\aded with the abbotship of St. Jean-du-jard, near Melun, and in 1684 with that of Sept-Fontaines, in the diocese of Rheims. After re- ceiving orders he entered the Seminary of St. iNIagloire, and shut himself up there in complete solitude for fif- teen years. When he re-entered the world he opened his house to learned men, and kept up with them a regular correspondence, and manifested a great eager- ness to instruct those who considted him. Longuerue consecrated his whole life to labor ; he knew no other rest except that of change of occupation. No part of the domain of learning was strange to him, but he much preferred history. His constitution and memory were good. In conversation he was lively, satirical, critical, humorous, and cynical. He took no part in religious controversj-. He died in 1732. Among his works of interest to us are Traite dun auteiir de la com- munion Romaine touchant la transubstantiation, ou ilfait voir que selon les principes de son Eglise ce dogme nepeut etre un article defoi (London, 1686) : — Dissertations tou- chant les Antiquites des Chaldeeiis et des Egyptiens (in the Lettres choisies of Richard Simon) : — Dissertation sur le passage de Flavins Josephe en J'aveur de Jesus- Christ (in the Bibl. ancienne et moderne of Le Clerc, vii, 237-288) : — Rertiarques sur la vie du cardinal Wolsey contraires a ceux qui ont ecrit contre sa reputation (in the Me moire de Litterat. of P. Desmolets). See Hoefer, Noui\ Biog. Generale, s. v. ; Thomas, Diet, of Biogr. and Mijthol. s. V. ; General Biogivphical Dictionary, s. v.
Longueval, Jacques, a learned French Jesuit, was born in the suburbs of Peronne iNIarch 18. 1680. At the age of nineteen he entered the Society of Jesus, and af- terwards taught rhetoric and theology in different col- leges of his order. On account of a violent work pub- lished upon the religious quarrels of the period, he was first exiled, but later recei\'ed permission to reside at the house of professed Jesuits in Paris. He died January 11, 1735. Among his published works are Traite du .Schisme (Brussels, 1718) [a Refutation of this work was published in the same year by Mcganck] : — Dissertation
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sur les Miracles (Paris, 1730, 4to) : — Eistoire de VEglise Gallicune (Paris, 1730-1749, 18 vols. 8vo) ; Longueval wrote only the tirst eight volumes, reaching the year 1138; the others have been written by Fontenay, Bru- moy, and Berthier. I'hc work has been reprinted at Nlmes (1782) and at Paris (1825). Longueval is also the author of the greater part of the Reflexions J\ I or ales, an appendix to the Nouveau Testament of P. Lallemant. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v. ; Thomas, Diet, of Bior/r. and Mythol. s. v.; Fontenay, i'%e de Longueval, in VUistoire Gallicane, vol. ix.
Lonsdale, John, D.D., a distinguished English prelate, was born at Newniillerdam, near Waketield, Jan- uary 17, 1788, and was the son of the Rev. John Lons- dale, vicar of Durtield and incumbent of Chapelthorpe. Young Lonsdale entered Eton College at the age of 11, and completed his studies finally at King's College, Cambridge, where he got nearly all the prizes, and took the B.A. in 1811. He then studied law for a time, but changing for theology, he was ordained priest in 1815. Shortly after he was made examining chaplain to arch- bishop Sutton and assistant preacher at the temple. In 1821 he was appointed to the office of Christian ad- vocate to Cambridge University, and in the follow- ing year domestic chaplain to the archbishop of Can- terbury. From 1831 to 1813 he was prebendary of St. Paul's ; from 1839 to 1813, principal of King's College, London, and rector of Southtleet, Kent. He was also archdeacon of Midtllesex during 1812 and 1813, and was for some time chaplain at Lincoln's Inn. In 1814, finally, he was appointed, by Sir Robert Peel, bishop of Lichfield. He died at Erdeshall Castle, Staffordshire, Oct. 19, 1867. Bishop Lonsdale was greatly celebrated in the English pulpit; while yet in the infancy of his ministry, two courses of his miiversity sermons, as weU as several occasional discourses, were asked for and re- ceived by the public (London, 1820, 1821). In 1849 he published, with archbishop Hale, a volume oi Annota- tions on the Gospels (see Hale). He is spoken of as " a man of remarkable humility, averse to controversy, and never willing to enter into a public discussion of great questions in theology, from the belief that others were better qualified than he to handle them ; but, withal, he was unrtinching in his adherence to what he believed to be right." He was greatly beloved, not only by his own Church, but by the Dissenters also. See Appleton's Ann. Cyclop. 1867, p. 451 ; Am. Ch, Rev. 1868, p. G75.