Louis dying Sept. 1, 1715, was succeeded by his great- grandson, Louis XV. His son the dauphin and his eldest grandson died at an earlier period. Some of his children, the fruit of an adulterous connection with Madame de Montespan, were legitimized during his lifetime, but the act was aimulled after his death. In regard to other children from similar connections no such action was taken. After the death of his first wife he privately married :Madame de iNIaintenon. The works of Louis are contained in six volumes. They are occupied with instructions for his sons, and with correspondence bear- ing upon the. history of his times. His reign may be regarded as one of the most brilliant in the annals of French literature. In the department of theological and controversial literature this was peculiarly the case, while in that of pulpit eloquence there wa^ an array of talent and genius beyond parallel.
Litei-ature. — Voltaire, Si'ecle de Louis XIV; Pellisson, Histoiie de Louis XIV; Dangeau, Jo«?-ffl. de la cour de
Louis XIV; Lettres da Madame de Maintenon ; Larrey, Hist, de France sorts le li'e(jne de Louis XIV ; Capefigue, Louis XIV son Gouvernement, etc. (1837, 6 vols. 8vo), James, Life and Times of Louis XIV (Bohn's ed., Lond. 1851, 2 vols. l"2mo); Smedley, Hist. Ref. liel. in France (N. Y. 1834, 3 vols. 18mo) ; Barnes's Feiice, Hist. Protest. France (Lond. 1853, Timo) ; Ilagenbach, Kirchenf/esch. V, 86 sq. ; Stoughton, Fccles. Hist. Fnr/l. (Ch. of liestora- tion, see Index in vol. ii) ; Hase, Ch. Hist, (see Index) ; Kanke, Hist. Papacy, ii, 272 sq., 293 ; Students France (Harper's), p. 410 sq.; Vehse, Mem. of the Court of A us- ?;•*■«, ii, 14 sq.; Quart. Rev. (Lond.), 1818 (July); Brit, and For. Rev. 1844, p. 470 sq. See also the references in the articles France and Huguenots. (C.W.)
Louse. See Lice.
Louvard, Francois, a French Jansenistic theolo- gian of the Benedictine order, was born in Chamgene- teux in 1061, entered the convent of Saint Melaine, in Brittany, in 1679, and studied sacred and profane lit- erature. In 1700 he was transferred to the convent of St. Denis, near Paris, to devote himself to the study of the text of St. Gregory Nazianzen. In 1713 pope Clement XI published the memorable bull '• L'nigeni- tus." The ecclesiastics of St. Maur all silently opposed it except Louvard, who openly denounced it, and was therefore greatly censured by P. le Tellier as one dis- obeying the apostolic decrees. He was exiled to Cor- bie, in the diocese of Amiens, but here also he frankly pronounced his opposition to the bidl, and he ^vas sent into confinement in the monastery of Landevence, in Brittany, In 1715, on the death of Louis XIV, Louvard was restored to the monastery of St. Denis. In 1717, several bishops and two monks, one of them Louvard, called a meeting of the opponents of the bull, and be- came so troublesome even to the government that Louis XV exDed some of them, and pidjlished an edict that whosoever recommenced the controversy should be treated as a rebel to the public peace. Louvard pro- tested. He had been the first of his order to oppose the bull; now, almost all the Benedictines were on his side; and, receiving no reply, he renewed his appeal with the four bishops in 1720. On complaint to the general of the order Louvard was specially interrogated, and, be- ing found thoroughly bent on both present and future opposition, he was exiled to Tuffe. Here he wrote new polemics, preached, and taught the simple inhabitants that there was a difference between the holy religion of P. Quesnel and the manufactured heresies of the disci- ples of Loyola. In 1723 he was transferred to Cormori, diocese of Tours. Here he continued proselyting. The general of his order offered to forgive him all the past if he would cease. He refused, and had to be placed in the monastery of St. Laumer, at Blois; but, still continu- ing his opposition, he was removed to the monastery of St.Gildas de Bois, in Brittany, Louvard persisting in his attacks on the Jesuits, the latter brought charges against him as plotting against the state, and he was imprisoned in the castle of Nantes in 1728. Here he published a manifest against his accusers, and was there- fore transferred to the Bastile in the same year. In 1734 a kttre de cachet, signed by the king, transferred him to the monastery of Kabais, diocese of Meaux. But Louvard, continuing in his former course, was to be re- arrested. Apprised of this, he made his escape to the Carthusian monastery of Schonau, in Holland, where he diod in April, 1739. Among his numerous works the following are of special importance: Ltttre contenant qiiflqnes Remarques sur les CEuvres de St. Gregoire de Xazianze, in the Nouvelles de la Repuhlique des Lettres, vol. xxxiii (1704) : — Prospectus novce edilionis operum S. Gregorii (1708) -.—(Euvres de St. Gregoire (1778-1840) : — De la Necessite de I'Appel des eglises de France aufu- tur Concile general (1717) : — Lettre cm Cardinal de No- ailles, jwur j)rouver a celte eminence que la constitution Unigenitus n'est recerable en auciine faqon (1718) : — Re- lation abregee de VImprisonnement de dom Louvard (1728). See D. Tassin, Hist. Litter, de la Congregation
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