of his failing health, he appointed father Nadal his as- sistant. During the following spring he believed him- self to have sulticiently recovered to do without this support, but during the summer of 155G his health broke entirely down, and he died on July 31, 1556. The only three wishes which he professed to have, the approba- tion of his order by the Church, the sanction of his book of spiritual exercises by the pope, and the promidgatiou of the constitution of his order, were fultilled. During the sixteen years from the foundation of the order until the death of Ignatius, the order spread with a rapidity rarely equalled in the history of monastic orders. See Jesuits. In 1609 Ignatius was beatified by pope Paul V; in 1G22 he was canonized by Gregorj' XV. The Acta Sanctorum for July 31 gives, besides the Comment tarius j)rosvius, two biographies of Ignatius — one by Gonzales, based on communications received from Igna- tius liimself. and another by Ribadcneira. Larger works on the life of Ignatius have been written by Ribadcnei- ra, Maifei, and Orlandini. There is hardly a language spoken which has not furnished us a biography of Igna- tius; in English we have his life by Isaac Taylor and by Walpole. See also Herzog, Real- Enci/Jdop.xi, 524; Ranke, Rom.-Pdpste, iii, 383 ; Reti'osjieclive Rev. (1824), vol. ix ; and the literature in the art. Jesuits. (A. J. S.)
Lo'zon {XwL,Mv,\u\g. Dedon), one of the sons of " Solomon's servants" who returned with Zorobabel (1 Esd. V, 33) ; the Dakkon {^\. v.) of the Heb. lists (Ezra ii, 56; Neh.vii, 58).
Ijubbert(us), LiBnAND(us), a Reformed clergy- man and professor of divinity at Franecker, was born at Longoworde, Friesland, in 1556, and was educated at "Wittenberg University, where he gained great perfec- tion in Hebrew. Afterwards he diligently attended the lectures at Geneva, and still later Ment to Neustadt, to hear the Calvinistical professors. Lubbert then entered the ministry, and accepted a call to the Reformed Church of Brussels; later he removed to Embdcn. In 1584 he went to Friesland as preacher to the governor and depu- ties of the provincial states, and also read lectures on di- vinity at Franecker LTniversity, then just opened. He received the title of D.D. from Heidelberg L'niversity. In the controversies concerning the Scriptures, the pope, the Church, and councils, he A\Tote against the cele- brated divines BeUarmine, Gretserus, Socinus, Arminius, Peter Berlins, Vorstius, and Grotius's Pietas Ordinum HoUandi(v. He preached zealously, pointedly, and elo- quently against all the evils of his times, both in the Church and out of it. He observed the statutes severe- ly, and sometimes refused rectorships because of the de- bauchery of unreformable scholars. He died at Fran- ecker January 21, 1625.
Lubec, Reformation in. See Hanse Towns (in Siipphmeni).
Lubienietski (Latinized LuBIE^^ECIUs), Stanis- las, of a family greatly distinguished in the Polish So- cinian controversy, being the most promment of five who have become particularly identified with the So- cinian movement in Poland, was bom at Cracow August 23, 1623. He was minister of a Church at Lublin xmtil driven out by the arm of power for his opinions in 1657, when all anti-Trinitarians were expelled from Poland. He went first to Sweden, and sought the influence of the Swedish monarch for the LTnitarians, but was sig- nally disappointed at the conclusion of peace between Sweden and I'oland at Oliva. Lubienietski found more favor at the court of the Danes; he was obliged, how- ever, to quit the capital because of his able advocacy of heretical o])inions. and the danger to Lutheranism, and he finally settled at Hamburg, where he died May 18, 1675. His death is stated to have been caused by poison — a fact borne outbj- the death of his two daugh- ters, and the serious illness of his wife, after eating of the same dish ; but the Hamburg magistracy neglected to institute the investigation usual in cases of sudden death. His theological works are numerous, and may
LUBIM
537
LUCA
be found in S&ndhis, BiM. A niitriii. (Freist. 1684), with the exception of the Ilistoi-ia Refoi-mationis Polonicce. published in 1685 at Freistadt, with a life pretixed. Of his secular works, his Theatrwn Comeiictim has a world- •vvide celebrity. See Engl. Cyclop, s. v. ; Krasinski, Hist.. Ref. ill Poland, ii, chap, xiv ; Fock, Der Socinianismus (Kiel, 1817).
Lu'bim (Yich.LuUm', Ci^P, from the Arab., sig- nifying inhabitants of a tMrsty land, Nah. iii, 9 ; " Lu- bims," 2 Chron. xii, 3; xvi, 8; also LuhUm', CSS, "Libyans," Dan. xi, 43; Sept. everj-where Ai'/Si'fc). tlie Libyans, always joined with the Egyptians and Ethio- pians ; being " mentioned as contributing, together with Cushitcs and Sukkiira, to Shishak's army (2 Chron. xii, 3) ; and apparently as forming with Cushites the bidk of Zerah's army (xvi, 8); spoken of by Nah um (iii, 9) with Put or Phut, as helping No-Amon (Thebes), of which Cush and Egypt were the strength ; and by Dan- iel (xi, 43) as paying court Avith the Cushites to a con- queror of Egypt or the Egyptians. These particulars indicate an African nation under tribute to Egypt, if not under Egyptian rule, contributing, in the 10th centurj' B.C., valuable aid in mercenaries or auxiliaries to the Egyptian armies, and down to Nahum's time, and a pe- riod prophesied of by Daniel, probably the reign of An- tiochus Epiphanes [see Antiociius IY J, assisting, either politically or commercially, to sustain the Egyptian power, or, in the last case, dependent on it. Tliese in- dications do not fix the geograpliical position of the Lu- bim, but they favor the supposition that their territory was near Egypt, either to the ivest or south. For more precise information we look to the Egyptian monuments, upon Avhich we find representations of a people called ReBU or Lcbu (R and L having no distinction in hicro- glypliics), who cannot be doubted to correspond to the Lubim. These Rebu were a warlike people, with whom Menptah (the son and successor of Rameses II) and Ramcscs III, who both ruled in the 13th century B.C., waged successful wars. The latter king routed them with much slaughter. The sculptures of the great tem- ple he raised at Thebes, now called that of Jledinet Abii, give us representations of the Rebu, showing that they were fair, and of what is called a Shemitic type, like the Berbers and Kabyles. They are distingiushed as northern, that is, as parallel to, or north of, Lower Egypt. Of their being African there can be no reason- able doubt, and we may assign them to the coast of the INIediterranean, commencing not far to the westward of Egypt. We do not find them to have been mercenaries of Egypt from the monuments, but we know that the kindred Mashawasha-u were so employed by the Bu- bastite family, to which Shishak and probably Zerah also belonged ; and it is not unlikely that the latter are intended by the Lubim, used in a more generic sense than Rebu, in the Biblical mention of the armies of these kings (Brugsch, Geofjr. Inschr. ii, 79 sq.). We have already shown that the Lubim are probably the Mizralte Leiiabim : if so, their so-called Shemitic phys- ical cliaracteristics, as represented on the Eg_A-ptian mon- uments,-afford evidence of great importance for the in- quirer into primeval history. The mention in Mane- tho's DA-nastics that, under Necherophes, or Nechero- chis, the first Memphite king, and head of the third dy- nasty (B.C. cir. 2600), the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians, but returned to their allegiance through fear, on a wonderful increase of the moon, may refer to the Lubim, but may as probably relate to some other African people, perhaps the Naphtuhim, or Phut (Put). The historical indications of the Egyptian monuments thus lead us to place the seat of the Lubim, or primitive Libyans, on the African coast to the westward of Egypt, perhaps extending far beyond Cyrenaica. From the earliest ages of which we have any record, a stream of colonization has fiowed from the East along the coast of Africa, north of the Great Desert, as far as the Pillars of Hercules. The oldest of these colonists of this region