Lucian has been translated into most of the European languages. In French the best editions are by Belin de Ballu in 1788 (6 vols. 8vo), and by Eugene Ta'lbot (Par. 1857, 2 vols. 18mo). Among the English versions may be named one by several parties, including W. Moyle, Sir H. Shere, and Charles Blount (Lond. 1711). It was several j-ears preparing, and Drj'den wrote for it a life of Lucian, which is very incorrect. Carr's version (1773- 1798, 4 vols. 8vo) is a pretty correct translation, but the notes are valueless. The best English ^'ersion is that of Dr. Frankhn (Lond. 1780, 2 vols.'4to, and 1781, 4 vols. 8vo), but some of the pieces are omitted. Mr. Tooke's version (London, 1820,2 vols. 4to) is of little value. In 1675 Charles Cotton published a burlesque imitation of some of the dialogues : it was reprinted in 1686 and 1751. The best German translation of Lucian has been furnished by Wieland (Leips. 1788, 6 vols. 8vo). The notes accompanying it are also valuable ; but the trans- lator left out some pieces which he considered of minor interest. Another good translation is by Pauly (Stutt- gardt, 1828-1831, 15 vols. 12mo). See, besides the au- thorities already quoted, Jacob, Characterislik Luciati's V. Samosata (1832) ; Tiemann, Veisuch ii. Lucian und seine Philosophie (1804): Struve, Specimina ii de yEiate et vita Luciani (1829-30) ; Passow, Lucian it. d. Gesch. (1854) ; Tzschirner, Fall des Heidenthiims, i, 315 sq. ; Baur, Die di-ei ersten Jahrhunderte, p. 395 sq. ; Doivald- son, Greek Literature, ch. liv, § 3 and 4 ; Lardner, Works, viii, ch. xix ; Farrar, Crit. Hist. Free Thought, p. 48 sq. ; Lond. Qu. Rev. 1828 ; Eraser's Magazine, 1839 ; Journal Sac. Lit. vols, x and xii ; and especially Planck, in Sfu- dien u.Kritiken, 1851, and in an English version in the Biblioth. Sacra, 1853 (April and July) ; Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Biogr. and Mythol. iii, 812, and the excellent article by Theodor Keim, in Herzog, Real-En- cyklopadie, viii, 497-504.
Lucian, St., presbyter of Antioch, and a martyr, is said by some to have been born at Samosata, in the Syr- ian province of Commagene, about the middle of the 3d century. His parents died while he was yet a boy, and, left to depend upon liis own resources, the twelve-j'ear- old lad removed to iMlessa, where he was baptized, and became a pupil of JIacarius, an eminent Biblical schol-
LUCIAN"
542
LUCIFER
ar. He entered the ministry as a presbyter at Antioch, and finally assumed tlie lead of a theological school, which lie himself founded. He became greatly cele- brateil both as an ecclesiastic and as a Biblical scholar, and was an ornament of the Christian Church when sud- denly cut down by martyrdom, which he suffered A.D. 3V2, by order of Maximin, during the reign of Diocletian. He was drowned, and was buried at HelcnopoUs, in Bi- thynia. Lucian is frequently mentioned by ecclesias- tical writers not only as a man of great learning, but also as noted for his piety. Eusebius calls him a " per- son of unblemished character throughout his whole life" (Hist. Ecd. viii, 13) ; and Chrysostom, on the anniver- sary of Luciau's martyrdom, pronounced a panegyric upon him which is still extant. Jerome informs us, in his Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers (c. 77), that " Lu- cian was so laborious in the study of the sacred writings that in his own time some copies of the Scriptures were known by the name of Lucian ;" and we learn from an- other part of his works (Prcef. in Paralip. i, 1023) that Lncian's revision of the Septuagint version of the Old Test, was generally used in tlie churclies, from Constan- tinople to Aiitioch. Lucian also made a revision of the New Testament, which Jerome considered inferior to his edition of the Septuagint. There were extant in Je- rome's time some treatises of Lucian concerning faith, and also some short epistles ; but none of these have come down to us, with the exception of a few fragments. Tliere has been considerable dispute among critics re- specting Lucian's belief in the Trinity. From the man- ner in which he is spoken of by most of the Trinitarian fathers, and from the absence of any censure upon his orthodoxy by Jerome and Athanasins, it has been main- tained that he must have been a bcHcver in the Catho- lic doctrine of the Trinity; but, on the other hand, Epi- phanius, in his Aiwhoret (xxxv, vol. ii, p. 40, D), speaks of the Lucianists and Arians as one sect ; and Philostor- gius (who lived about 425, and -wTote an account of the Arian controversy, of which considerable extracts are preserved by Photius) expressly says that Eusebius of Niconicdia, and many of the principal Arians of the 4th century, were disciples of Lucian; yet this does not prove that their Arian principles were derived from Lu- cian's teachuigs. It is nevertheless probable that Lu- cian's opmions were not quite orthodox, since he is said, by his contemporary Alexander (in Theodoret, Hkt. Eccl. i, c. 4, p. 1 ;"), B), to have been excluded from the Roman Catholic Church by three bishops in succession, for ad- vocating the doctrines of Paul of Samosata. Indeed, it was from Lucian's school at Antioch tliat the great teacher oi Arianism (q. v.), Arius of Alexandria, came. According to Epiphanius, Lucian was originally a follow- er of JIarcion, but finally formed a sect of his own, known as Lucianists, agreeing, however, in the main with the Marcionites (q. v.). Like the latter, the Lucianists con- ceived of the Demiurgos, or Creator, as distuict from the perfect God, 6 uya^ug, " the good one ;" and described the Creator, who was also represented as the judge, as o ciKuioQ, " the just one." Besides these two beings, be- tween whom the commonly received attributes and of- fices of God were divided', the Lucianists reckoned a third, o TTovrinoc, "the evil one." Together with the Marcionites, they condemned marriage, and, according to some, though ratlicr (piestionable authorities, thev even denied the immortality of the soul, asserting it to be material, and to be followed by an entirely new sub- stance (tertium quiddam). Scc"GNosTicis:vr. Lucian himself, however, repented of Ids heresy, and returned to the Human Catholic communion before his death. It was proliably on the occasion of his return to the or- tliodox fold that he gave to the Church his Confession of Faith, which is mentioned by Sozomen (IlistxEccles. iii, 5), and given at length by Socrates (Iliift. Ercles. ii, 10), and which was prf)mulgated by the semi-Arian or Eusebian Synod of Antioch, A.D. 341 (compare Smith, Diet, of ale. and Rom. Bio(j. i i , 8 1 1 , col. 1 ; Bidl, Dvf. Fid. Mean, ii, 13, § 4-8). See Luc.\nus.