In the Apostolical Constitutions, vii, 46, it is stated that Paul consecrated Lucius bishop of Cenchrea?, which is probably a mere inference from the supposition that the epistle to the Romans was written from that Corin- thian port. Different traditions make Lucius the first bishop of Cyrene and of Laodicea, in Syria. — Smith, s. v.
It is commonly supposed that Lucius is the kinsman of Paul mentioned by that apostle as joining with him in his salutation to the Roman brethren (Rom. xvi, 21). A.D. 55. There is, however, no sufticient reason for re- garding him as identical with Luke the Evangelist, though this opinion was apparently held by Origen (ad loc), and is supported by Calmet, as well as by AVet- stein, who adduces in confirmation of it the fact reported by Herodotus (iii, 121), that the Cyrenians had through- out Greece a high reputation as physicians. But it must be observed that the names are clearly distinct. The missionary companion of Paul was not Lucius, but Lucas or Lucanus. " the beloved physician," who, though named in three different epistles (Col. iv, 14 ; 2 Tim. iv, 11; Philemon 24), is never referred to as a relation. Again, it is hardly probable that Luke, -(vho suppresses his own name as the companion of Paul, would have mentioned himself as one among the more distinguished prophets and teachers at Antioch. Olshausen, indeed, asserts confidently that the notion of Luke and Lucius being the same person has nothing whatever to support it (Clark's T/ieol. Lib. iv, 513). See Luke.
Lucius, king OF England, said to have introduced Christianity into Britain in the second half of the 2d centurs". See England, Chl'kch of (I).
Lucius, Samuel, etc. See Lutz.
Lucius I, pope, succeeded Cornelius as bishop of Rome, after the death of the latter, in Sept. 252. He was soon after banished from Rome, but returned, and is spoken of as a martyr as early as March. 253. There seems, however, to be no precise information as to the length of his pontificate. Nicephorus (//. F. vi, 7) states that he held the office six- months ; Eusebius (//. E. vii, 2) says eight; and the Liber I'ontijic. three years and eight months, which must certainly be an error. The latter work ascribes to him the ordinances forbidding any but persons of the purest morals and the best con- duct to officiate at the altars, and all priests from enter- ing alone the residence of a woman ; also those direct- ing that the pope and the bishops were always to be attended by two priests and three deacons, who should bear witness of their conduct. A pseudo-decretal letter
LUCIUS II
545
LUCKEY
is also ascribed to him. According to Cyprian, Lucius I niust liave suffered a short exile from liome during his pontificate, for Cyprian wrote Lucius a letter of congrat- ulation on the occasion of his return from exile iEp- Gl ad Luc). According to this author (£p. G5), Lucius •wrote several letters on the treatment of backsliders, but they are not known at present. See Bower, IJist. of the Popts, i, Gl ; Tillemont, Memoires, iv, 118 sq,
Lucius II, pope, of Bologna, properly Gerhard Caccianamici, was a regular Augustinian chorister of St. John of Lateran. He was made cardinal priest of Santa Croce of Jerusalem by Honorius II, and vice-chan- ceUor and librarian of the Church of Kome by Innocent II. He was finally elected pope after the death of Ce- lestine II, March 12, 1144. Soon after his accession, the Romans, ujjder the guidance of Arnold of Brescia, rose against the papal authority, determined, by an Arnold- ian spirit [see Arnold of Brescia], to re-establish the old republic, and to this end appointed a patrician in the capitol to govern them, and chose Jordan, son of Peter Leo, as such, giving him all the revenues of the city, and restricting the pope to the tithes and volun- tary offerings. " Ciesar should have the things that are Ca;sar's, the priest the things that are the priest's, as Christ ordained when Peter paid the tribute-money" (compare Neander, Ch. Ilistori/, iv, 151). The pope at- tempted to oppose this revolution, and, at the head of a band of armed followers, went forth to attack the capi- tol, but was wounded by a stone, and died of this wound, Feb. 20, 1145. See Gibbon, JJedine and Fall of the Rom. Empire, vi, 42G sq. ; Eeichel,*S'ee of Rome in the Middle Afic'f, p. 22G sq. ; Bower, History of the Popies, vi, 52 sq. See also Temporal Power of the Pope.
Lucius III, properly ITbaldo Allvcixgoli, be- longed to a distinguished family of Lucca. He was made cardinal priest of St. Praxedas by Innocent II in 1 140, and cardinal bishop of Ostia and Yelletri by Adrian IV in 1158. Having distinguished himself in some ne- gotiations with France, Sicily, and the emperor Fred- erick, he became a prominent member of the " holy col- lege," and was finally elected pope Sept. 2, 1181. Soon after his arrival at Kome, however, he got into difficul- ties with the Romans, and was finally obliged to flee the city. Christian, archbishop of Mentz and chancellor of the emperor, started to assist him with a large army, but died on the way. In 1183 Lucius returned to Pome, but his conduct and that of his followers having created fresh troubles, he soon left that city forever and retired to Ve- rona, where he was nearer his imperial protector. The emperor himself arrived at Verona soon after, and the two princes held a consultation on the state of the Church. In this council the Romans M'ere denounced as enemies of the Church, and the Waldenses also were put under the ban, and a crusade was advised to help the persecuted Christians in the East. "While engaged in demanding assistance for the crusaders from the kings of England and France, Lucius fell sick and died, Nov. 24, 1185. His letters are in Mansi, C'oU. Condlioi-um, xxii. See Neander, Ch. Hist, iv, G09 ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vi, 159 sq. ; Hist, of the Papacy, ii, 202 ; Mil- man, Hist, of Lat. Christianity, iv, 439 sq. ; Buske, Med. Popes and Crusaders, ii, 155, 165, 168.