The best known by English hands are by Bower (1813), Riddle (1837), and John Scott (London, 1832; New York, Harpers, 1833). The Schunbei-g-Cotta Fam- ily (1864) is the best picture of Luther from an English pen ; little more than the frame is fiction.
From the hands of American authors we have lives by Sears (1850),Weiser (1848, 1866), Loy (tr. of Frick, 2d edit. 1869), J. G. Morris {Quaint Sayings and Doings concei-ning Luther, 1859), and A. Carlos Martyn (1866).
The third centennial of Luther's death, Feb. 18, 1846, called forth an immense number of writings: Ortmann, Pasig, Kothe, Meurer, Petermann, Heyl, John, and Loschke. Petermann and others published histories of Luther's last days, and of his death and burial. There
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appeared at this time the account of Luther's last hours by two eye-witnesses, Justus Jonas and Ccx-hus of Mans- feld; Luther's sermons, hitherto unprinted, edited by Hok (from the MSS. of the Wolfenblittel Library) ; se- lections from Luther's German letters, by Dciring; and Luther's hymns, by Kurtz, Wackernagel, and Crusius. Among the best books called forth is tlie prize work of Hopf — his critique ( Wiirdiguny) of Luther's translation of the Bible, with reference to the older and the more recent translations (1847).
On Luther's theology, see Julius Kostlin, Z-.'s Theolo- r/ie. '■ Luther's Theology, in its historical unfolding and in its internal connection" (Stuttgart, 1863) ; Z.'s T/ie- vloffie, •• Luther's Theology, with special reference to his doctrine of Atonement and Redemption" (Harnack, 18G2-7) ; Dorner, Gesck. der Protest. Theolog. (MUnchen, 1867; trans, by Kobson and Sophia Taylor, Edinb. 1871, 2 vols); Plitt, Einleitung in die Aiigustana (Erlangen, 1868) ; Chr. Weisse, Luther's Christolor/ie (1855) ; Lu- ther's Pliilosophie von Theophilos (1 Theil, die Logik, Hanover, 1S70).
On Luther's German style, see Dietz, Worterbuch zu Dr. M. L.'s Deutschen Schriften (Leipsic, 1868) ; Opitz, Die Sprache L. (HaUe, 1869).
On the character and merits of Luther, Ackermann L. Seinein Vollen Werth und Wesen nach, mts seinen Schrift- en dargesteUt (1 Heft, " Luther im Kampf," Jena, 1871). For other literature, see Reformation. (C. P. K.)
Lutheran Church, Lutheranism, Lutherans. I. The iKiine '• Lutherans," as a designation of all those who were in sympathy with Luther's views, was, at the opening of the Reformation, first applied to them bj' Eck (q. V.) and pope Hadrian VI, and was meant as a term of depreciation, and at first and for a considerable time designated the entire body of those who opposed the corruptions of Rome. The official and proper titles of the particular churches on which the name Lutheran has finally been fixed are " Protestant" (q. v.), " Evan- gelical" (q. v.), and "Adherents of the Augsburg Con- fession." The Protestant Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession has not, as a whole, to this hour, by any official act, received or acknowledged the title '• Lutheran," but has tolerated it because of the histori- cal necessities of the usage. Like the name " Chris- tian" itself, invented by enemies, it has been borne un- til it has become a name of honor. It became more and more the received term for the Protestant Evangel- ical Church in consequence of the struggles of that Church with the Zwinglian and Calvinistic-Reforraed without, and the Philippists within. It marked Lu- theranism in antithesis to Calvinism, and the thorough- going adherence to the faith of Luther, over against the changes furtively introduced and extended under the jilea, true or false, of the authority of Melancthou (q. v. ; also PiuLippiSTs).
The Lutheran Church is the ecclesiastical communion which adheres to the rule and articles of faith restored in the Reformation, of which Luther was the chief in- strument. The acceptance of this rule ((iod's Word) and the confession of this faith are set forth in the Augsburg Confession of 1530, which is the common con- ftjsion of the entire Lutheran Church. The major part of the Lutheran Church formally and in terms acknowl- edges, and the rest of it, almost without exception, vir- tually acknowledges the Apology of the Augsburg Con- fession of 1530, the Schmalcald Articles of 1537, the two Catechisms of Luther of 1529, and the Formula of Con- cord of 1579, as accordant with the rule of faith and with the Augsburg Confession. These confessions, to- gether with the oecumenical creeds, form the Book of Concord of 1580, and are often styled the Symbolical Boohs of the Lutheran Church. The system of faith and life involved in the Church's Confession is Lutheranism, the Church which officially receives it is the Lutheran Church, and the members of that Church are Lutherans. The faith of the Lutheran Church is thus summarily presented by Dr. Chas. P. Krauth {Conservative Refor-
mation, p. 127) : "We are justified by God, not through any merits of our own, but by his tender mercy, through faith in his Son. The depravity of man is total in its extent, and his will has no positive ability in the work of salvation, but has the negative ability (under the or- dinarj' means of grace) of ceasing its resistance. Jesus Christ offered a proper, vicarious, propitiatory sacrifice. Faith in Christ presupposes a true penitence. The re- newed man co-works with the Spirit of God. Sanctifi- cation is progressive, and never reaches absolute perfec- tion in this life. The Holy Spirit works through the word and sacraments, which only in the propen sense are means of grace. Both the Word and the Sacraments bring a positive grace, which is offered to all who receive them outwardly, and which is actually imparted to all who in faith embrace it." The chief peculiarities of Lutheran doctrine, which have to any considerable de- gree become subjects of controversy outside of the body itself, relate to (1.) Original Sin, (2.) the Person of Christ, (3) Baptism, and (4) the Lord's Supper. These will be found specially treated imder those heads. Luther's own views on the last point will be detailed under the art. Transubstantiation. For a more complete view of the doctrines of Lutheranism, see ICrauth, Co7iw?7'o?n'e Reformation (Phila. 1871), and Prof. Jacobs in the Mer- cersburg /^ef<«<>, Jan. 1872, p. 77 sq. ; ZocXi^QV, Augsbur- gische Confession (1870).