V. Versions and Literature.— Th.o\\g\\ this book is in our estimation as important as 2 Mace, yet there has hardly anything been done to elucidate its narrative. In the absence of the original Hebrew, the Arabic ver- sion of it, printed in the Paris and London Polyglots, is the text upon which we must rely. The editors of this version have not even given any accomit of the MS. from which it has been taken. A Latin translation of it by Gabriel Sionita is given in both Polyglots; a French translation is given in the appendix to De Sacy's Bible ; another French translation, by JI. Baubrun, is given in vol. iii of Le IMaitre's Bible ; and Calmet trans- lated chapters xx-xxvi, containing the history of John Hyrcanus, which he thought Sixtus Senensis had taken for the legitimate 4 Mace The only English version of it is that by Cotton, The Five Books of Maccabees (Oxford, 1832).
Maccabees, Festival of the. In the 4th cen- tury, when fasts and festivals had greatly multiplied, not only were festivals of Christian martyrs celebrated, but also those of some of the more eminent mart\TS of the Old Testament. The conduct of the Maccabees (q.
MACCARTHY
G16
MACE
V.) in opposing Antiocluis Epiphanes (q. v.), and dying in defence of the Jewish law, seems to have been gen- erally celebrated at this time. The authors of that pe- riod are extravagant in their commendations of these patriots. Chrysostom has three homilies on the sub- ject. At Antioch there was a church called by the name of the ]\Iaccabees ; and Augustine, who wrote two sermons on their festival, calls them Christian martyrs. The reason assigned for the adoption of this festival was that, as these men had suffered martyrdom so bravely before Christ's coming, what, woidd they not have done had they lived after him, and been favored with the death of Christ for their example ? The Ro- man Martyrology places this festival on August 1st. Augustine and Gregory Nazianzen allude to this feast. — Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v. ; Eadie, Eccles. Cyclop, s. v.
Maccarthy, Nicholas Tuite de, a noted Roman Catholic pulpit orator, was born of a noble family at Dublui, Ireland, May 19, 17G9. His parents removed to France on account of religious persecution, and Nicholas was educated at the College du Plessis, later at the Col- lege de France, and then at the Sorbonne. During the Revolution he returned to his parents at Toulouse, and lived there in great retirement, his time devoted mainly to study. In 181-1 he became a priest, and early gained for liimself distinction as a pulpit orator. In 1819 he entered the '• Society of Jesus." Thereafter he travelled from place to place, preaching everj'where with great success. His name had already, in 1819, been regarded at court, and he had then declined a bishopric, prefer- ring his association with the Jesuits to an official posi- tion. In 1826 he was invited to preach before the royal household, and created quite a sensation. Now his name was placed among the foremost of the nation. After the fall of Charles X, Maccarthy moved to Savoy, and thence to Rome, where he died. May 3, 1833. His sermons, which were published in 2 vols. 8vo (Paris, 1830), were translated into German and other modern languages. See the excellent article in Hoefer, Nouv. B'wf). Generale, xxxii, 482 ; Regensburfj Real-EnajMopd- die, s. V.
Maccarty, Thaddeus, a Congregational minister, was born in Boston in 1721 ; graduated from Harvard University in 1739; studied theology three years, and was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church at Kingston, INIass., on Nov. 3, 1742. When Whitetield ap- peared in that region in 1745, he appointed a committee " to prevent the intrusion of roving exhorters." A false report spread that Whitefield was to open communion for him, whereupon his parishioners nailed the doors and ■windows, and IMaccarthy's request for dismission was granted. He then preached in Worcester, ]\Iass., from Nov. 27. 174G, until the time of his death, July 20, 1784. 'ilis])u.h\ica.tions are, Fuj-ewell Sennonaf Khiffsfon {17'i5}: — Two I)i,icou7-ses on the Day of the Annual Fast (before the expedition into Canada, 1759) ; and other sermons. See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, i, 423.
Macclintock, Samuel, D.D., a Congregational minister, was born Jlay 1, 1732, at Medford, Mass. ; grad- uated at rrinccton in 1751, and in 1756 was ordained pastor in (ireenland, N. H.. where he labored until his death, April 27, 1804, excepting only the Revolutionary' period, when he acted as chaplain. He was a participant in the battle of Bunker IliU, and figures prominently in Trumbull's picture of that great event. He published A Sermon on the Justice of God in the Mortality of Man (1759): — The Artijices of Deceivers detected, and Chris- tians wa7-ned against them, a sermon (1770) : — I/erodias, or Cruelly and Revenge the Ejfects of unlairful Pleasure, a sermon (1772) : — ^4 iSermon at the Commencement of the new Constitution of New Hampshire (1784): — A71 Epis- tolary Correspondence with Rev. John C. Ogdeit (1791) : — The Choice, a sermon (1798}: — An Oration commem- orative of Washington (1800). See Sprague, Annals, 1, 525; C/t'risliim Exaniimr, ISll, ]>. 404.
Maccovius or Mako^vsky, John, a Polish Re-
formed theologian and writer, was born at Lobzenic in 1588; studied at the principal German universities; was received doctor of theology at Franecker in 1614; ap- pointed extraordinary professor of theologj- in tliat uni- versity in 1615; ordinary professor in 1616 ; and died in 1644. He was particularly renowned as an opponent of the Jesuits, Socinians, and Arminians, and by his severi- ty against the latter created man}' enemies. In his own Chiurch he caused much disturbance bj' his attempts to restore the use of the scholastic method in the treat- ment of dogmatics. He used it first in his lectures, and afterwards also in his writings. See his Collegia theo- logica (Amstelod. 1623, 1631) : — Loci commnnes theologici (Fran. 1626) : — Distinct io?ies et regulce theologicce et phi- loso2)hic(e (published by Nicholas Arnold, Amsterd. 1656 ; Geneva, 1661). He was thereupon accused of heresy before the States of Friesland, at the instigation, it is said, of his colleague Sibrand Lubbertus. The affair was brought by IMaccovius himself before the Synod of Dort, and a commission, having been appointed to investigate the case, reported that " Maccovium nuUius Gentilismi, Judaismi, Pelagianismi, Socinianismi, aut alterius cujus- cimque hasreseos reum teneri ; immeritoque ilium fuisse accusatum. Peccasse eum, quod quibusdam ambiguis et obscuris phrasibus Scholasticis usus sit; quod Scho- lasticum docendi modum conetur in Belgicis Academiis introducere ; quod eas selegerit quajstiones disceptandas, quibus gravantiu: EcclesioB Belgicte. Monendum esse eum, ut cum Spiritu sancto loquatur, non cum Bellar- mino aut Suarezio. Hoc vitio vertendum ipsi, quod dis- tinctionem sufficientiai et efficientiaj mortis Christi as- seruerit esse futilem ; quod negaverit, humanum genus lapsum esse objectum prwdestinationis ; quod dixerit, Deum velle et decernere peccata ; quod dixerit, Deum nuUo modo velle omnium hominum salutem ; quod dix- erit, duas esse electiones" (see Epji. eccl. et thcol.prcest. et ejiid. vii'or. [Amst. 1684], p. 572 sq.). The synod adopt- ed the report, and acted accordinglj'. Still this did not purge the Reformed Church of the scholastic method, as neither IMaccovius himself nor his disciples abandoned it. See J. Cocceji Or. hah. infunere J. M. (1644) ; Bayle, Diet. Hist. et. Crit. iii, 290 sq. ; Heinrichs, Versjtch einer Gesch. d. christi. Glauhensivahrheiten, p. 355 ; Schrockh, Christi. K. G. s. d. Ref v, 148; Herzog, Real-Encyklop, viii, 745; Hagenbach, IJist. ofDoctr. ii, 170 sq. ; Gass, Dogmengesch. ii, 441 sq. See Scholasticis Ji.