Macedo'nian (M«Kf ^wi') occurs in the A. V. of the N. T. only in Acts xxvii, 2. In the other cases (Acts xvi, 9; xix, 29; 2 Cor. ix, 2, 4) our translators render it " of Macedonia." The " Macedonians" are also mentioned in the Apocrypha ( Esth. xvi, 10, 14; 1 Mace, i. 1 ; 2 ]Macu. viii. 20). See Macedonia. Macedonians. See Macedoxius. Macedonius, a patriarch of Constantinople, flour- ished in the 4th century. After the death of bishop Al- exander, of Constantinople, in 336, jNIacedonius and Pau- lus became candidates for his succession. The latter was elected by the Athanasian party, but was soon after (338)
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deposed by the emperor Constance, who put Eusebius of Nicomedia in his place. Upon the death of Euse- bius, Pauhis was reinstated, but was again deposed by the Semi-Arian emperor, who in 342 pronounced Mace- donius patriarcli, notwithstanding the opposition of the people, who rose in insurrection, resulting in great bloodshed (comp. Gibbon, Z'ec/wie unci Fall of the Roman Emjure [Milman's ed.],ii,357 sq.). The orthodox rival, however, succeeded, after a time, in making his influence felt tliroughout the country, and Macedonius was tinally obliged to yield him the patriarchate. In 350, after having thoroughly reorganized his party, Macedonius returned, and by the aid of the civil authorities regain- ed the superintendence over the churches. His decided connection with the Semi-Arians, and the widening of the gulf between the ^Vrians and Semi-Arians, proved, however, fatal to his credit, and in 3G0 his enemies suc- ceeded in securing his deposition by a synod at Con- stantinople. He is supposed to have died soon after. His followers at once adopted his name. Tlie Macedo- iiians are generally regarded as Semi-Arians of that period, especially those in and around Constantinople, in Thrace, and in the surrounding provinces of Asia Minor (Sozomen, iv, 27). Tliere is, however, one point in which the Macedonians, although not opposed to, are yet distinguished from the Semi-Arians ; it is their idea of the antagonism of the divinity and the homoousia of the Holy Spirit. On this point the jMacedonians are identical with the Pneumatomacliians, and therefore the latter finally joined the former. They professed that the Holy Spirit is a di^'inc energy diffused throughout the universe, but denied its being distinct, as a ixrson, from the Father and the Son (Epiphanius, Ilceres. 74; Augustine, Be Ha>res. c. 52). In 381 Theodosius the Great assembled a council of one hundred and tilty bishops at Constantinople (second oecumenical), which condemned this doctrine, and the Macedonians soon after disap]3ear- ed. See Mosheim, Eccles. Hist, i, 305 sq. (N. Y. 1854, 3 vols. 8vo); Hase, //iV. of the Christ. Church, p. 115 (N. York, 1855) ; Basilius, De Spiritu S. opjj. (ed. Gam.), iii, 1 sq. ; Thilo, Bibl. pp. Gr. dorjm. i, GfiG s. ; ii, 182 s. ; A. Maji, Nov. pair. bibl. t. iv (Rom. 1847) ; Didymus, D- ipir. Scto.interpr. llier. (in 0pp. Ilier. ed. Mart. lY, i, 494 sq.) ; Walch, Ketzergeschichte, vol. iii; Bauer, Dreieinir/keits- lehre, vol. i ; Neander, Hist, of Christ. Dogmas, i, 350 sq. : Milman, Lot. Christianity, i, 334, 338 sq. (J. H.W.)
Mac Gill, Stevexsox, D.D., a Scotch divine of con- siderable note, was born at Port Glasgow Jan. 19, 1765, of pious parents. He early chose the service of his Master, and conducted all his studies with a view to the ministry. He was educated at the University of Glas- gow, and was licensed to preach in 1790; was appoint- ed minister at Eastwood in 1791 ; was transferred m 1797 to the Tron Church, Glasgow, and later (1814) was also made a professor of theology in his alma mater. He died Aug. 18, 1839. Dr. Mac Gill " commended himself to every man's conscience" not only by his ability in the pidpit, and his laborious visitations of his congrega- tion and parish, but by the Christian interest he took in the public institutions and charities of the city — in the active direction he assumed of the Intirmarv, the Pris- ons, the ilagdalene and Lunatic Asylums. His services were also most zealously and actively rendered to " the Society for benefiting the Highlands and Islands of Scotland by means of Gaelic Schools," " the Propaga- tion of the Gospel in India," and '• the Missions on be- half of the Jews." In 1800 Dr. Mac Gill originated a clerical literary society, to which for many years he act- ed as secretary. It was after receiving the full appro- bation and friendly criticism of this literary society that he favored the world with Considerations addressed to a Youwj Clergyman (1809, 12mo), a work which, on its first appearance, obtained an extensive circulation, and from the perusal of which no young minister can fail to de- rive great and permanent advantage. His sermons were published in 1839. See Robt. Burns, Memoir of Dr. Mac Gill (Edinb. 1842, 12mo) ; Jamiesou, Dictionary of Relig-
ious Biography, s. v.; AUibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. Authors, s. V.
Machaerus (Max«ipoi'c), a strong fortress of Pe- rtea, first mentioned by Josephus in connection with Al- exander, the son of Hyrcanus I, bj^ whom it was built (.4 nt. xii, 16, 3 ; War, vii, 6, 2). It was delivered by his widow to her son Aristobulus, who first fortified it against Gabinius (/I nt. xiv, 5, 2), to whom it afterwards surren- dered, and by whom it was dismantled {ib. 4 ; compare Strabo, x vi, 762). Aristobulus, on his escape from Rome, again attempted to fortify it, but it was taken after two days' siege {War, vii, 6). In his account of this last captm'e by Bassus, Josephus gives a detailed description of the place. It was originally a tower built by Alex- ander Janna;us as a check to the Arab marauders. It was on a lofty point, surrounded by deep valleys, and of immense strength, both by nature and art (compare Pliny, IJist. Nat. v, 15). After the fall of Jerusalem it was occupied by the Jewish banditti. The Jews say that it was visible from Jerusalem (Schwarz, Palestine, p. 54). Its site was identified in 1806 by Seetzen with the extensive ruins now called Mkrauer, on a rocky spur jutting out from Jebel Attarus towards the north, and overhanging the vaUey of Zerka Main {Reise, i, 330-4). Josephus expressly states that it was the place of John the Baptist's beheadmg {Ant. xviii, 5, 2), al- though he had said immediately before {ib. 2) that it was at the time in the possession of Aretas. See John THE Baptist.