VI. CommaituTies. — Special excgetical heljis on the whole book are as follo^vs, a few of the most important of which we designate by an asterisk prefixed : Ephra- em Syrus, E:rplanaiion (in Syriac, in his 0pp. v, 312) ; Kupertus Tuitiensis, In Mai. (in his Ojip. i, 520); D. Kimchi and S. Jarchi's commentaries, tr. hito Latin by Ue Muis (Paris, 1618, 4to); Aben-Ezra's and other Jew- ish commentaries, tr. into Latin by Ilebenstrcet (Lips. 1746, 4to) ; D. Kimchi's and Aben-Ezra's commentaries, in Latin by Bohle (Post. 1637, 4to) ; Kimchi's alone, by Carpzov (Lips. 1679,Svo),by Munster (Basil. 1530, 8vo); Aben-Ezra's alone, by Munster (ib. 1530, 8vo), by Borg- wall (Upsal. 1707, 8vo^; Abrabanel's, by Meyer (Ham- mon. 1685, 4to) ; Luther, Commentarius (in Ojp., Wit- tenl). edit., iv, 620 ; in German, by Agricola, 1655) ; Me- lancthon, Explicaliones (Vitemb. 1553; also in Ojp. ii, 541) ; Draconis, Expkmationes (Lips. 1564, folio) ; Chy- tneus, Explicatio (Post. 1568, 8vo; also in 0pp. ii, 455); MoUcTjExposilio (\"itemb. 1569, 8vo) ; Brocardus, Inter- pretatio [including Cant., Hag., and Zech.] (L. B. 1580, 8vo); CryuAVfi, I/i/]winnemata (Gen. 1582, 8vo; Basil. 1583, 1612, 4to); Polauus, Analysis (Basil. 1597, 1606,
IVIALACHY
675
MALACHY
8vo) ; Baldwin, Commentarius [includ. Hag. and Zech.] (Yitemb. 1()10, 8vo); De Quiros, Commentarii [includ. Nah.] (Hispal. 1G22; Lugd. 1G23, fol.) ; Tarnow, Com- mentarius (Kost. 1024, 4to) ; Stock and Torshell, Co wmew- turij (Loud. 1(541, fill.); Acosta, Commentarius [including Kutli, etc.] (Lugd. lG-il,fol.) ; Sclatcr, Commentary (Lon- don, IGoO, Ito); Ursinus, Commentarius (Francof. 1652, 8vo); Martinus, Ofeert'«^to«*s (Groning. 16-i7,4to; 1658, 8vo); Varenius, Trifolium [including Hag. and Zech.] (Kost. 1662, 4to); Pocock, Commentary (Oxf. 1677, fol.; also in Works, i, 19) ; Van Til, Commentarius (L.B. 1701, 4to); K6\i\)m,Observationes (Gryph. 1708,4to) ; Wessel, Enucleatio (Lub. 1729, 4to) ; *Venema, Commentarius (Leon. 1759, 4to) ; Fischer, Prolusio (Lips. 1759, etc.) ; Bahrat, Commentarius (Lips. 1768, 8vo) ; *Faber, Com- mentatio (Onold. 1779, 4to) ; Kosenmiiller, Scholia (Lips. 1828, 8vo); *Reinke, Commentar (Giessen, 1856, 8vo) ; *3Ioore, Commentary [including Hag. and Zech.] (N. Y. 1856, 8vo); Kohler, AVWaVwH^ (Erlang. 1865,8vo). See
PfiOPHETS, MiNOH.
Marachy (Vulg. Malachias), a familiar form (2 Esdr. i, 40) of the name of the prophet Malaciii.
Malachy, St., archbishop of Armagh, one of the most noted characters in Irish Church History, was born of a noble family at Armagh about 1195. While yet a youth he retired from the world to subject himself to a most rigid asceticism under the abbot Imar of Armagh. His humility and fervor soon gained him a great repu- tation for sanctity, and, quite contrary to the canonical rule, he was ordained priest when only twenty-tive j'ears old, by Celsus, then archbishop of Armagh, who took a special interest in Malachy, and favored him in many ways. He also employed ^Malachy as assistant in the discharge of the archiepiscopal office, Celsus intending tlius gradually to introduce Malachy to the archiepisco- pal duties, with a view of securing him as successor. Of these opportmiities Malachy availed himself for the furtherance of a plan he had long cherished, tliat of bringing the Irish Church, which since the conquest of the south-western provinces by the Normans had re- mained independent of Rome, into subjectivity to the pajjal chair. Malachy gradually introduced the Roman metliod of reciting the hours, and also established the rites of confession, contirmation, ecclesiastical marriage, etc., in the several convents. Then, in order to become better acquainted with the details of the Roman Catho- lic ritual, lie resided for some years with bishop Malchus of Lismore, also a native of Ireland, but who had been a monk of \Yinchestor, England, and had there become thoroughly acquainted with the practices of Rome. Upon his return to his native land, Malachy was en- gaged by his friends for the restoration of the Bangor monastery, ;vhich had remained in ruins since its de- struction by the Danes, antl which was now the posses- sion of Malachy's uncle. Assisted by ten monastic as- sociates, he erected an oratory and a small house for their accommodation, and, as their superior, remained there until about 1225, when he was called away to pre- side over tlie see of Connereth (Connor), where, bv un- wearied exertions, he built up the cause of Christianity. About 1129 he was further promoted by a call to the archbishopric of Armagh, the place for which Celsus had long intended liim. IMalachy accepted the posi- tion, however, only upon condition that he should be permitted to resign it "as soon as it was rescued from its present unbecoming situation." Hitherto, by cus- tom, the archiepiscopacy had been hereditary, and in consequence, though Celsus had himself nominated IMal- achy, the latter had not undisputed possession of the primatial see until about 1135, when he at once applied himself most earnestly and zealously to perfecting the reforms he had inaugurated while yet with Celsus. Pre- vious to Malachy's accession to the arch-see there never had iTeen a hierarchy or a legalized sujiport for religion in the Irish Church. The ministry had been sustained by ^•oluntary offerings, and in some instances by the
donation of Tremon, or free lands, the rents of which were to be appropriated annually to the bishop and the poor. These lands, however, were neither large nor nu- merous. During the commotions of the 10th and 11th centuries those w'hich had been given to Armagh were again claimed by the lineal descendants of the original donors as their rightful inheritance. At this time they had been thus held for eight successive generations. Malachy's great endeavor was to do away with this abuse. See Lmpkopkiation. But he failed to accom- plish this object, and in consequence resigned the pri- matial office and retired to the bishopric of Down, hith- erto a part of his former see of Connor.