Literature. — Archelaus (bishop of Cascar about 278), A eta disputationis cum Manete (first composed in Syriac, but extant only in a Latin translation, and in many re-
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spects untrustworthy), in Eolith's Reliquim sacrce, v, 3- 206. The Oriental accounts, of later date, indeed (the 9th and 10th centuries), but drawn from ancient sources, are c.ollected in Herbelot, BihL Orient. (Par. 1679), s. v. Mani. See Titus Bostrensis (about 360), Karci Mctvixaiojv; Epiphanius, Ilnr. p. 06 (drawn from Archelaus); Za- chagni, Mouiimenta Ecclesice Gracw tt Latince (Home, 1698) ; St. Augustine, Be Moribiis Ilatiichceorum ; Be Genesi contra Manichaos; Be duabus animabus contra jUtmichoeos; Be Vera religione Ejiistolafundamentis con- tra Fuitstum; ¥ahnc'ms, Bibliofk. G7-a;ca, v, 284; Beau- sohre, I listoii-e ait.cle Manichie et du Maniclu'lgine {Xmiit. 1734 and 1739, 2 vols.) ; F. Chr. Baur,Z'(^s■ Mamrhiihche Reliyionssystem nach den Quellen vntermcht (Tlib. 1831); FlUgel, Mani, seine Lebre v. seine Schriften (Lpz. 1862) ; Trechsel, Ueber den Kanon, die Ki-itik, u. die Exegese der Manichder (Berne, 1832) ; Golditz, Entstehung d. nianich. Religionssystenis (Lpz. 1837) ; Reichlin-Meldegg, Tlieolo- gie d. Mogiers Ma7ii u. ihr Urxprung (Frankf. 1825) ; V. de Wagnern, Manich. induhjcntias cum brevi totius Ma- nich. adumbratione, e fordibus descripsit (Lpz. 1827); P. de Lagarde, Titi Bostreni contra Manich. libri quatuor Syriuce (Berl. 1 859) ; Stud, imd Krit. vi, 3, 875 sq. (review of Baiir) : Schrcickh, Kirchengesch. iv, 400 sq. ; xi, 245 sq. ; Neander, Ch. Hist, ii, 707 sq. ; Schaff, Ch. IJist. i, § 73 ; Donaldson, Christian Orthodoxy, p. 127 sq. ; Haag, Hist, des Bogmes Chretiens (see Index) ; Hagenbach, Jlist. of Boctrines, i, 240 sq., 337, 352, 353 ; Pressense, Uhistoii-e du Bogme (Par. 1869), chap. ii. (J. H. W.)
Maiiipa, the name of a monstrous idol worshipped in the kingdoms of Tangut and Barantola, in Tartary. It has nine heads, which rise pyramidally, there being three in the tirst and second row, then two, and one at the top of all. A bold, resolute young fellow, dressed in armor, and prompted by enthusiastic courage, on cer- tain days of the year, runs about the city Tanchuth, and kills every one lie meets in honor of the goddess, liy such outrageous sacrifices as these the devotees imagine they extremely oblige Manipa. — Kircher, China illustr.; Brougliton, Bihliotheca Hist. Sac. s. v.
Maniple, an article of dress introduced when the use of the stole as a handkerchief fell into disuse. It now represents the cord with which our Lord was bound to the pillar at his scourging. — Walcott, Sac. Aixhceol. s. V. ; Siegel, A rchceol. s. v. Manipulus.
Manitou is the name of any object used as a fetish or amulet among some tribes of the American Indians — those of the North and North-west. " The Illinois," wrote the Jesuit Marest, " adore a sort of genius which they call Manitou ; to them it is the master of life, the spirit that rides all things. A bird, a buffalo, a bear, a feather, a skin — that is their manitou." " If the Indian word manitou," says Palfre}', " appeared to denote some- thing above or beside the common aspects and agencies of nature, it might be natural, but it would be rash and misleading to confound its import with the Christian, Mohammedan, Jewish, Egyptian, or Greek conception of the Deity, or with any compound or selection from some or all of those ideas."' See Indians.
Manley, Iua, a Congregational minister and home missionary, was born about the year 1780 ; was a grad- uate of Jliddlebury College, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and left a tine practice to enter the ministry. He was a home missionarj^ for sixty years, and a pio- neer in all good enterprises. Tiie last twenty-two years of his life were mostly spent in Wisconsin. He died at Keene, Essex County, N. Y., Feb. 5, 1871. — New A mer. Cyclop. 1871, p. 569.
Man'lius, the name of one of the ambassadors who is said to have written a letter to the Jews confirming whatever concession Lysias had granted them. Four letters were written to the Jews, of which the last is from "Quintus Memmius and Titus Manlius ((ir. TiVoc MrtvXtoc, V. r. Moi'ioc ; Vulg. Titus ManUius), ambas- sadors (Trptaf3v-cit) of the liomans" (2 IMacc. xi, 34). There is not much doubt that the letter is a fabrication.
as history is entirely ignorant of these names. Polybius {Keliq. xxxi, 9, 6), indeed, mentions C. Sulpitius and Manius Sergius, who were sent to Antiochus IV Epiph- anes about B.C. 163, and also {Reliq. xxxi, 12, 9) Cn. Octavius, Spurius Lucretius, and L. Aurelius, who were sent into Syria in B.C. 162 in consequence of the con- tention for the guardianship of the young king Antio- chus V Eupator, but entirely ignores Q. Memmius or T. Manlius. We may therefore conclude that legates of these names were never in Syria. The true name of T. Manlius may be T. Manius, and as there is not sufficient time for an embassy to have been sent to Syria between the two recorded by Polybius, the writer may have been thinking of the former. The letter is dated in the 148th year of the Seleucidan a?ra ( = B.C. 165), and in this year there Avas a consul of the name of T. Manlius Torquatus, who appears to have been sent on an embassy to Egypt about B.C. 164, to mediate between the two Ptolemies, Philometor and Euergetes (Livy, xliii, 11; Polybius, Reliq. xxxii, 1, 2). The employment of this Seleucidan a;ra as a date, the absence of the name of the city, and especially the fact that the first intercourse of the Jews and Romans did not take place till two years later, when Judas heard of the fame of the Romans (1 Mace, viii, 1 sq.), all prove that the document is far from authentic.