Mark on the Person (in this sense 1S^, ^«r, Ezck. ix, 4, 6 ; x^pwyi""! Kev. xiii sq.), a brand or other char- acter fixed upon the forehead (q. v.), hand, etc., usually of slaves, for the purpose of identifying them. See Slave.
In the case of Cain (Gen. iv, 15), a special token (n'lK, sign, as elsewhere rendered) was assigned him in assurance of safety. See Cain.
Mark (Mai-k'), Geohg Joactiiji, a German theolo- gian, was born at Schwerin March 1, 1726; was educated at the University of Kiel; in 1745 entered the minis- trv; and in 1747 was appointed a member of the philo- sophical faculty of his alma mater. In 1752 he accepted a call as librarian to the prince Louis of Mecklenburg- Schwerin ; in 1758, as professor ordinary of divinity to
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the University of Kiel; in 1766 he was honored with the degree of doctor of divinity, lie died March 5, 1774. Gifted with a quick perception and a good memory, Miirk acquired great learning, particularly in theology and philosophy. By his indefatigable diligence as an au- thor lie kept the press almost constantly bus}\ Of his works the following have special interest fur us: Medi- taiiones de tiapientia sanctissima rite cokiida (Kiel, 1762, 4to) : — Priimelince juris dicini evungelici (ibid. 1763, 4to): — Diss, de divina vocatione hominum miserorum ud Jidem et sulutem (ibid. 1767, 4to) : — Causa Dei et sub ipso imperantium contra theolugiam Jesuitarum (ibid, 1767, 4to). — During, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlatuls, s. v.
Market (3"i> ^, maarah'), a mercantile term, found only in Ezek. xxvii (rendered " merchandise," except in ver. 13, 17, 19, 25), in several senses : («) properly bar- ter, and so trade, traffic (ver. 9, 27) ; (b) place of barter, mart (ver. 12, 13, 17, 19) ; (c) gain, wealth, acquired by traffic (ver. 27, 34; plur. ver. 33, -pexh. pirecious icares), like "iHD, " merchandise," and "fT^fy, " fair,"' " ware." In the N. Test, the word agora {dyopa), thus rendered (" market-place" in Matt, xx, 3 ; Mark xii, 38 ; Luke vii, 32 ; Acts xvi, 19), denotes generally any place of public resort in towns and cities where the people came to- gether ; and hence more specially it signifies (a) a pub- lic p)lace, a broad street, etc. (Matt, xi, 16 ; xx, 3 ; xxiii, 7 ; Mark vi, 56 ; xii, 38 ; Luke vii, 32 ; xi, 43 ; xx, 46) ; (6) a. forum or market-place, where goods were exposed for sale, and assemblies or public trials held (Acts xvi, 19 ; xvii, 17). In Mark vii, 4 it is doubtful whether ayopa denotes the market itself, or is put for that which is brought from the market ; but the known customs of the Jews suggest a preference of the former significa- tion. From this is derived the term agorceus (ciyopaX- o£), properly signifying the things belonging to, or per- sons frequenting the agora ; improperly rendered " in law" in Acts xix, 38, where it is applied to the days on which public trials wore held in the forum ; and in ch. xvii, 5 (where it is rendered "baser sort") it denotes idlers, or persons lounging about in the markets and other places of public resort. There is a peculiar force in this application of the word, when we recoUect that the market-places or bazaars of the East ^vere, and are at this day, the constant resort of unoccupied people, the idle, and the newsmongers.
In very early periods markets were held at or near the gates of cities, sometimes within and sometimes without the walls. Here commodities were exposed for sale, either in the open air or in tents (2 Kings vii, 18). It is still not unusual in the East for the wholesale mar- ket for country produce and cattle to be held (for a short time in the early part of the morning) at tlie gates of towns ; but manufactured goods and various sorts of fruits are retailed in the bazaars within the towns. In the time of our Saviour, as we learn from Josephus, the markets were inclosed in the same manner as the mod- ern Eastern bazaars, which are shut at night, and con- tain traders' shops disposed in rows or streets ; and in large towns the dealers in particular commodities are confined to certain streets. That this was also the case in the time of the prophet Jeremiah, we may infer from his expression, " the bakers' street" (xxxvii, 21). That a close connection existed between those of the same craft, we learn incidentally from Neh. iii, 32. In re- building Jerusalem after the exile, " the goldsmiths and the merchants" acted together in repairing the walls. Josephus calls the valley between ^Mounts Zion and ]\Io- riah the Tyropoeon (ropoTroaSi'), i. e. tlie valley "of the cheesemakers." In like manner there is mentioned the valley of Charashim, or " the craftsmen" (1 Chron. iv, 14 ; Neh, xi, 35). Josephus also mentions a street of the meat-dealers. The streets of Eastern cities are gen- erally distinguished from eacli other, not by the sepa- rate names which they bear, but liy the sort of traffic or business carried on in them. Thus at Cairo and other large Oriental cities we hear of the market of the butch-