Marlorat(us), Augustine, a French Protestant theologian, was born at Bar-le-Duc in 1506. At an early age he was put in an Augustine convent, and took the vows in 1524. He soon accpiired great reputation as a preacher. Having been ap])ointed prior of a convent of his order at Bourges, he commenced to entertain Prot- estant views, as is evinced in the sermons he deliv- ered after 1533 at Bourges, Poitiers, and Angers. He was designated to preach during the Lenten season at Kouen, when he openly separated from the Church. Pursued as a heretic, he sought refuge at Geneva, where he lived for a time by correcting proofs for the printers. lie then went to Lausanne, to perfect his knowledge of theology. In 1549 he was appointed pastor at Crissier, and afterwards at Yevay. Tlie consistory of Geneva sent him in 1559 to Paris, and in the beginning of the year fullciwing he was called to take charge of the Pe- fornied Church at Kouen. His talents and his personal
qualities now had a fair opportunity for display, and soon gained him great infiuence in that city, and brought many converts to the Church. In 1561 he went to the Colloquy of Poissy, where, next to Theodore de Beza, he stood at the head of the Protestants, and on the 15th of May he presided over the provincial synod assembled at Dieppe. The opposition of the government towards all expression of religious opinion adverse to lioman Catholicism, and more particularly the bloody deeds of Vassy on March 1, 1562, had greatly exasperated the Protestants [see Huguenots] ; and the latter, feeling that there was only one alternative for them, either to fight for their conscience sake or abjure their honest convictions, took to arms all over France. The opening scene had been made at Paris. At Eouen the Protes- tants were in the majority (if we may follow Beza ; ac- cording to Floquet [Rom. Cath.], however, they only constituted one fifth of the popidation), and, anxious to secure the city for the armies of Conde, made them- selves masters of the place by stealth in the night of April 15 to 16. An independent government was es- tablished, and unbounded religious toleration exercised towards non-Protestants. The masses, however, in the hour of excitement behaved madh*. A spirit of icono- clasm took hold upon them, and within twenty-four hours they destroyed some of the most valuable works of art in fifty churches. For this and other outrages the Protestant leaders, of whom Marloratus was one, were not responsible either directly or indirectly. Yet, when the Roman Catholics succeeded in retaking the city, he was one of the first accused, and, though he had done no more than simply battle for the grant of religious free- dom, he was arrested Oct. 26, 1562, brought before the bar of the Parliament, which had re-entered Rouen with the Roman Catholic forces, and condemned, as a traitor and heretic, to be drawn on a hurdle through the streets of the town, and then hung in front of his o^vn church. After the execution, which took place Nov. 1,1563, his head was severed from the trunk, and exposed on the bridge of the town. The Huguenots revenged this out- rage by the execution of two leading Romanists in their hands. The widow and five children of Marloratus fied to England, where they were for a long time maintained by the French Protestants.
As a writer Marloratus figures very prominently also. His exegetical works are numerous and valued, because of the accuracy and scholarship which they evince in the author. " They may be best described as painstak- ing and not injudicious selections of the interpretations of other writings" (Kitto). His earliest production is Remonstrances h la reyne mere j^ar ceux qui sont perse- cutes pour la jnirole de Dieu (1561, 12mo; 2d ed. 1561, 8vo) ; but one of his most important productions is his Kori Testamcnti catholica exjMsitio, etc. (Geneva, 1561, fol. ; 2d ed. 1605, fol.). This is a valuable work, contain- ing Erasmus's Latin version of the N. T., with the expo- sitions of the fathers of the Church, and of Buccr, Calvin, Erasmus, INIusculus, Melancthon, Sarcerius, Brcntius, BuUinger, Zwinglius, Vitus Theodorus, etc. His object seems to have been to prove to Romanists the identity of the Protestant and the Apostolic Church, and the es- sential oneness of the two Protestant parties. He him- self leaned towards Calvinism. Parts of it were trans- lated into English, and published under the following titles: A Catholike and Ecclesiastical Expiosition of the holy Gospell after S. Matheice. Translated out ofLatine into Emjlishe by Thomas Tymme, Mynister (Lond. 1570, fol.) ; ,1 Catholike and Ecclesiastical Exposition upon the Apocah/jis of <S'. John the Apostle. Translated (black letter. Loud. 1574, 4to). Translations have also been published of his Exposition of St. Mai-k (1583, 4to) ; .57. John (1574, 4to); St. Jude (1584, 4to), etc. He also wrote Genesi.1, cum catholica Expositione, etc. (Geneva, 1562, fol., often reprinted) ; In CL Psalmos et aliorum S, S. Prophetarum Expositio ecclesiastica, etc., Item Cantica sacra ex dirinis Jiibliorum locis cum simili expositione (Geneva, 1562, fol., often reprinted ; and iu English un-
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der the title Prayers in the Psalms, Land. 1571, 16mo); etc. See Haag, La France Protestante ; Chevrier, Mem. pour servir a I'histoire des hommes illusires de la Lor- 7-aine ; Notice sur A ug. Marlorat, in the Bulletin de la Societe de VlJist. du Protestantisme Frangais, 6"'« annee, p. 109 ; A wjustin Maiiorat, sa vie et sa mort (Caen, 18G2, 8vo) ; Floqiiet's Beza, Ilistoire Fcclesiastique, i passim, and especially ii, 610 sq.; Schott, in Herzog, Real-Ency- Uop. XX, 92-96; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxiii, 858; DaTling, Cyclopadiu Bibliogy-ajMca, ii, 1965; Mid- dleton, AV. Biog. ii, 82, (J. H.W.)