MAROTH
the spring of 1534, prohibited books being found in his dwelling, Marot was compelled to flee to Beam, whence he afterwards jiroceeded to Fcrrara, the residence of the duchess Kenata of Este. In 1536 Francis I recalled him to his court. It is said that he had recanted, but this is not proved. In 1538 he commenced, with the aid of the learned Vatablus, the translation of the Psalms, which was very warmly received ; it became the fashion at court to sing them, and Charles V himself gave Ma- rot a reward of two hundred doubloons. The Sorbonne, however, condemned the book, while the pope caused it to be reprinted at Rome in 1542. Marot, in the mean time, was, on account of the condemnation of the Sor- bonne, obliged, in 1543, to flee to Geneva, where he was well received by Calvin, and invited to continue his translation of the Psalms, which was first used in public worship at Granson, Switzerland, Dec. 1, 1540. Gene- va, however, did not long please Marot, accustomed to the gayety of the French court ; and, after remaining a while at Chambery, he went to Turin, where he died in 154-1. The first known edition of Marot's translation appeared towards the end of the year 1541 ; it contained thirty psalms, a poetical translation of the Lord's Prayer, etc. A second edition, containing thirty psalms, with the music, and the liturgy of Geneva, Avas published by Cal- vin in 1542. The next year another edition appeared, containing twenty more psalms, dedicated "to the ladies of France," and accompanied by the well-known preface of Calvin ; this, as well as the subsequent editions, con- tains the liturgy; the catechism, the reformed confession of faith, and prayers were at sundry times added to others. The remainder of the Psalms was translated by Beza (1550-52), and in 1552 appeared the first complete Psalter, with Beza's eloquent appeal " to the Church of our Lord." The popularity of these Psalms was so great that, after the Colloquy of Poissy, on Oct. 19, 1561, Charles IX gave the Lyons printer, Anton Vincent, the privilege of printing them. In the 17th century the translation was revised by Conrart, first secretary of the French Academy, and the learned Anton Labastide. This revision, approved by the Synod of Charenton in 1679, was admitted in the churches of Geneva, Xeufcha- tel, and Hesse, while the ancient text remained in use in the French villages. In 1701 Beausobre and Lenfant, at Berlin, undertook a revision, which was much op- posed, especially by country congregations. See Lex- i-'ANT. The modern revision was accepted without dif- ficulty. Originally, the Psalms of Marot were sung to popular tunes; but when they came to be used in the Church it was found necessary to adapt a more solemn music to them. William Frank, however, who is consid- ered the original composer of the tunes, wrote only a few. The Lyons edition of 1561 contains some by Louis Bourgeois; those of 1562 and 1565 have some by Claude Goudimel, the teacher of Palestrina, in four voices. See Anguis, Vie de Marot, prefixed to his (Euvres (1823, 5 vols. 8vo) ; Jan Suet, I^evm en Bedriff von C. Marot (1655) ; Saiate-Beuve, Tahleau de la Poesie Frangaise all sixieme si'ech ; Christian Revieic, vol. ix; Paleario, Life and Times, ii, 92 sq. ; Herzog, Real-EncyUopadie, ix, 115 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gemr, xxxiii, 924. (J. N. P.)
Ma'roth (Heb. Maroth', ninr:, hitter fountains; Sept. douj'ai, Vulg. amaritudines), a place apparently not far from Jerusalem, on the route of the invading Assyrian army from Lachish (Mic. i, 12 ; see Henderson, Comment, ad loc). Schwarz (Palest, p. 107) conjectures it was identical with Maaraih (Josh, xv, 69) ; but this name is very different in the Hebrew.
Marouf. See Maruf.
Marozia, a Roman lady of noble birth, but of infa- mous reputation in the scandalous chronicles of her age, daughter of the equally notorious Theodora (q. v.\ was born near the close of the 9th century. On the dissolu- tion of all the moral ties of public and private life which the war of factions occasioned in Rome in the 10th cen- tury, Marozia, by her beauty and her intrigues, con-
71
MARQUESAS ISLES
trived to exercise great influence. She was married three times, and, according to Luitprand, had skill and address enough to procure the deposition and death of the pope, John X, and the elevation of her son, the fruit, it is alleged, of adulterous intercourse with pope Sergius HI, to the pontificate, under the name of John XI. This testimony of Luitprand, who wrote some time after the period, is considered doubtful by Muratori and by Dr. Pertz. See, however, our articles .John X and John XI. In her latter years Marozia suffered the punish- ment of her early crimes. She was imprisoned by her own son Alberic, and died in prison at Rome in 938.
Marquesas Isles, frequently apphed to the whole Mendana Archipelago, refers strictly only to the south- ern group of the Mendana Archipelago, in Poljaiesia, the northern group bearing the name of the Washing- ton Islands. They are situated in lat. 7° 30'- 10^ 30' S., long. 138=-140° 20' W., have an area of 500 English square miles, and a population of 12,000, and were dis- covered by jVIendana de Neyra, a Spanish na\agator, in 1596 (the Washington Isles were discovered in 1791 by Ingraham, an American). The isles were named after the viceroy of Peru, IMarquesas de Mendoza. They are of volcanic origin, and are in general covered with moun- tains, rising in some cases to about 3500 feet above the sea-level ; the soil is rich and fertile, and the climate hot, but healthy. The coasts are dithcult of access, on ac- count of the surrounding reefs and the sudden changes of the wind. Cocoa-nut, bread-fruit, and papaw trees are grown, and bananas, plantains, and sugar-cane are cultivated.