MEAT-OFFERIXG
MEAT-OFFERIXG
(Xuitib. xxix, 0, 10). The same was tlie case with pri- | 11 sq.; I>ev. xxiii); at other times they were pricate vate sacrifices, as at (l)//ieco/wecrt/^w«o/p-M-A7s(Exod. i (n^n-^ msr), as that of the purification of the leper xxix, 1,2; Lev.vi, 20; \\\\,2) and of Ucilts (Numb, i (Lev. xiv, 20 sq.), the Nazarite who had fulfilled his viii,8); (2) the ckmmug oj (he leper (Lev. xiv,20) ; (3) j ,.„„. (^^^^ ..j^ j^^ ,7)^ jj„^, „,p eonsecratiou of Levites the termination of the ,^uzaritu-h row (Numb, vi, lo). I (Xu^b. viii, 8 sq.), and perhaps of priests (Kxod. xxix. The unbloody oflrerings offered alone did not properly 9 , Lev. viii, 2). In these cases the essential part of the belong to the regular meat-offering. Ihev were usu- „.,«•■ r \ ^ n />m^'^ i 1
», . ,. , iv • 'in ;• I meat-offering was fine wheat Hour (rSO; Joseiphiis,
ally substitutes lor other offerings. 1 hiis, lor example, I ., „ , , ■■■ r .. ■ ■ ■ ■
in "Lev. v. 1 1. a tenth of an ephah of tlour is allowed to I «:V"P/'*' i^a^afxof^aroy A «/. in 0, 4). mixed wiih olive- be substituted bv a poor man for the lamb or kid of a \ °'^ ('''^^ were both to be the best procurable in I'ales-
' tme; see the Mishna, Minueh. vui, 1), and it was all
tresi)ass-offering: in Numb, v, 15 the same offering is ordained as the " offering of jealousy" for a suspected wife. The unusual character of the offering is marked in both cases by the absence of the oil, frankincense, and wine. We find also at certain times libations of water poured out before (Jod ; as by Samuel's command at Jliz- peh during the fast (1 Sam. vii, C), and by David at IJcthlohom (2 Sam. xxiii, 10), and a libation of oil poured by Jacob on the pillar at liethel (Gen. xxxv, 14). Hut these have clearlv especial meanings, and are not to be ^ . ^ , . . .... .,, ,
inclu.led in the onlinarv drink-offerings. The same ob- ^I."'" the fact that m connection with (free-will ) bumt- ation of water offerings a handtul ol the meal only as a meat-offering
consumed upon the altar. The |)roportions were : for a lamb, j^^ ephah of Hour and \ bin of oil ; for a ram, ^y ephah of Hour and A Jiiii of oil ; finally, for a bul- lock, ^\y ephah of flour and ^ bin of oil (Numb, xv, 4 sq. ; xxviii, 5, 9, 12 sq., 28 sq. ; xxix, 3 sq., 8 sq.. 13 sq. ; Lev. xiv, 21). For the lamb offered witli the Passover sheaf, ^jj C])hah of fine flour was prescribed (Lev. xxiii, 13). In the case of the Nazarite still different regula- tions are made (Numb, vi, KJ sq.). See Nazaiuti;.
scrvation will apply to the remarkable libation customarj' at tlie Feast of Tabernacles, but not men- I ioned in Scripture.— Smith, s. v. See Tabeunaclks, Feast of.
From the above statements it appears that the "meat- offering" (or, rather, food-offering) was in general such eatable but bloodless articles (of vegetable growth) as were to be presented to .Jeliovah as devout gifts (comp. the early instance, Gen. iv, 3 sc[.), and in a special sense only gifts of meal, raw or baked, which were brought to the altar of burnt-offerings, Exod. xl, 29; comp. xxx, 9), and either wholly or partially burnt to the honor of Jehovah (commonly with incense) by the liand of the priest. Tlic portion of such "meat-offering" that was to be consumed is called iTnStX, in contradistinction from that part which fell to the priest (Lev. ii, 2, 9, 16 ; Numb, vi, 26 ; comp. Lev. xxiv, 7, where the incense of the showbrcad is so called, Avhich was also consumed). This word certainly has not the signification of odont- vientum (Saadias), or in general offirinrj (as Michaelis thinks), but is a verbal noun from ""'BTri (^0 cause to remember), and the Sept. translates fivri^oavvov accord- ingly (see Gesen. Thvsaur. p. 417), Tlie Mishnic tract jicnarhoth (v, 2; comp. Otho, /.ix. liiM. p. 649) treats of the '• meat-offering" in the above broad sense as an important part of the sacred ritual. The Uible itself specifics, of the not burned "meat-offerings," only the 1\ iiteciistal bread expressly by the name of a minchah (Lev. xxiii, 18 ; comp. ver. 17), while the Passover sheaf and the showbread belong by their own nature to the same category. The proper " meat-offerings," as above particularized, were cither independent gifts (Talm. '^O'l" "^ISn mXSn), or simply additions to other prin- cipal offerings (nSTtl C" nXSH). For example, no
was to be sprinkled upon the altar to be consumed with the incense, while the remainder fell to the priest's lot (IjCV. vii, 14 .sq.), we see that [iriestly festivities were associated with the thank-offerings.
It likewise appears from the foregoing account that the independent " meat-tifferings" were sometimes free- will (Lev. ii), and sometimes obligatory. To the latter belonged the cases siiecified above : (</) that of a poor man, who had made himself lialilc in the manner slated in Lev. v, 1 sq. (com]), ver. ID; and (i) the "jealousy- offering" of a wife charged with adultery (Numb, v, 15, 26); to which is to be added (c) the consecration-offer- ing of a priest (high-priest) on entering upon his office (Lev.vi, 20 [13] sq.). The Talmud (see Mtnuch. iv, 5; xi, 3) apjilies this law exclusively to the oblation of the high-priest, and makes the meat-offering to be a daily one (T^'?'^ '^'^r'?)> ^^'^'^ which Josephus agrees {Ant. iii, 10, 7). In both the first cases the meat-offer- ing consisted of Jj,- ephah of meal (without oil or in- cense), of which, as above noted, only a handful was burned, and the rest, as usual, went to the jiriest ; where- as in the third case, the whole meat-offering w.is to be consumed (if so we may understand the somewhat dark passage of Lev. vi, 22). The meal in cases («) and (c) was to be of wheat, but in the case (h) of barley. Tlic free-will offering might be brought in either of three conditions, namely, as raw Hour, upon which oil was poured and incense laid (strewed) (Lev. ii, 1 s(|.) : or as roasted and pounded (firstling^) grains, likewise with oil and incense (Lev. ii, 14 sq.) ; or. lastly, as baked dough. The dough, moreover, might be baked either in the oven, and in that case the oil must be sprc.td under the loaves, or sprinkled upon them (^Lev. ii, 14) ; or in a pan (rarij), when the dough must be mixed with the oil,