AcropoLc.76, etc. ; Phranz. lib. i ; Pachymeres, //is^orta Rtrmn a Michaele Palaologa fjestarum (1666); Neale, Hist, ofthb Kast. Ch. ii, 311 sq. ; Hase, Ch. IJist. p. 269, 354 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirchengeschichte, xxviii, 315 sq.; Gicseler, L'ccles. Hist, iii, 232, 413; Ffoulkes, Divisions in Christendom, vol. i ; Neander, C/i, Hist, viii, 264 ; Hard- wick, C/i. Hist, of the Middle Af/es, p. 279-282; Hefele, Concilienffesckichte, vol. iv; Smith, Uict. of Greek and Human Biorjr. s. v.
Michaelensi, Jean, a Swiss theologian of the 12th century, the date of whose birth and death are unknown, figured as a bishop of Lausanne in 1 166. Wc know so little of his life that we cannot say whether this same Michaelensi was the one that assisted at the Council of Troyes in 1128, and who was commissioned to draw up a body of rules for the Temple order. Tlicse rules have often been reprinted, but appeared for the first time in the Chroniqiie de Citeaux, by Aubert Lemire. They have also been attributed to Saint Bernard, but with- out foundation. See, for the scanty information acces- sible, Fleury, Hist. Eccles. liv. 07, n. 55 ; JlabiUon, Op. S. Bernarde, i, 571 ; Hist. Litter, de la France, xi, 66; Kuchat, Abrer/e de I'Histoire L'ccles. du jwys de Vaud. p. 75.
Michaelis is the name of a German family distin- guished in the Protestant theological world. The fol- lowing are the most eminent members of this family :
1. Christian Bexeuikt was bom at Elrich, in Hohnstein, Jan. 26, 1680. He was educated at Halle, and in 1713 was made a i)rofessor extraordinary of phi- losophy, and in 1731 onlinary professor of theology at his alma mater. In 1738 he was transferred to the de- partments of Greek and Oriental literature. He died Feb. 22, 1764. He was not a very prolific writer, but his few productions display unusual talent and ripe scholarshiji. He was a thorough master of the Biblical languages, particularly the Hebrew. His principal works are, 1. (->// Ihhnn- C nnnnuir and l'hUnh,;iii : Dissirtatio, qua soliiri.<,ii/i.< cdsiinni ab Kbriiisinu S. Cvdicis depelli- tur (Halle, 1729) : — Dissert, qua sulacisnius (jeneris a Syntaxi S. Codicis LJbraici depcllitur (Halle, 1739): — a treatise against the etymological hypothesis, defended by Hermann Hardt and others, that Hebrew and the cognate tongues were derived from Greek (Halle, 1726): — a treatise on the Hebrew points, in wliich he took the sideofCapcllus (Halle, 1739): — a dissertation on <S'cva/j/- U}-e Paronomasia (Halle, 1737) : — a disputation on He- brew Ellipses (Halle, 1724). 2. On /MlicalExet/esis : Be Hcrba Borith (Halle, 1728) -.—De Iduma-a et ejus Antiq. Historia (Halle, 1733) : — Philologemata Medica (in which he discusses certain points of the urs medica of the Bible) : — Observationes philolorjica; de norninibns pro- priis LJbrceis, a work which was a wortliy ]>redecessor of Simon's Onomasticon ]'. T.: — Disseiiatio jdiilolor/ica de antiquitatibus aconomiee patriarchalis (reprinted in Ugolino, Thesaur. xxiv, 323). In the year 1749 he published Trartatns criticus de rariis leclionibus X. T. caiite co//if/endis et dijndicandis, an elaborate treatise on the various readings of the (ireek Testament, exhibit- ing proofs of an accurate critical judgment. It gives some account of the MSS. known in his day, both Greek and Latin ; of the ancient versions, and of the jiatristic quotation.^. We must not omit to mention his co-opera- tion with his uncle, ./((/(ffMH Heinrirh Michaelis (q. v.), in the valuable commentary on the Hayioyrapha. Our author contributed the annotations on the Proverbs, Lamentations, and Daniel. He was also associated with J. H. Michaelis in a commentary on the first two of the greater prophets. Simultaneously willi the work of the latter on Isaiah, noticed above, appeared C. B. Jlichae- lis's treatise, De .leremia et de I 'alieinio ejus (Halle, 1712). In the year 1736 he published a short work, De rati- rinio A mosi propheter. See Kitto, Cyclop. Bibl. Lit. s. v. ; Herzog, Real-F.ncyklopadie. s. v.
2. JoiiANN Davii>. one of the ablest of Germany's theologians, and son of the preceding, was bom at Halle
MICHAELIS
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MICHAELIS
Feb. 27, 1717. After receiving instruction for some time from private tutors, Michaelis spent four years in the Orphan School at Halle, where his attention was partic- ularly directed to languages and philosophy. In 1733 he began to attend the lectures at the university, and it was here that he obtained from the chancellor Ludwig's lectures on German history the foundation of that knowledge of general law and of the constitution of so- ciety which was afterwards displayed in his Mosaisches Recht. (See below.) In 1740 he visited England, where he made the acquaintance of several eminent scholars both in London and in Oxford. During part of his residence in England he preached in the German chapel at St. James's Palace. On his return to Germany, he devoted himself to the study of historj', Oriental lan- guages, and Biblical criticism. Upon the death of the chancellor Ludwig, Michaelis was commissioned to ar- range and catalogue his immense library. The cata- logue was published in 1745, and is considered a model for such works. Michaelis published his first book in 1739. It was a Dissertaiio de Punctuoruni Ilebi: A ntiquitate, and was quite ultra-orthodox, written in the Buxtortian manner. But later he appears to have joined the school of Schultens, if we may judge by the Hebrew Gram- mar he published in 1745. The pietistic air of Halle finally led him to accept the proffered position at Giit- tingen, and he removed to that place in 1746, and there he spent the rest of his life, although he was invited by Frederick the Great in 1763 to return to Prussia. To the University of Gottingen Michaelis rendered the most important services as professor of theology and Oriental literature from 1745 to 1791; as secretary and director of the Royal Society of Sciences, from 1751 to