Guizot, nisi. Civilization, ii, 279 sq. ; and the relevant sections of Tillemont, Kleury, Schrockh (vols, v and viii), Neander, Schaff, and ( jieseler. Regarding Chris- tian monasticism as compared tcith other forms of ascet- icism, see Hospinian, Be origins et progressu tnonacha- tus, lib. vi (Tig. 1588; enlarged, Geneva, 1669, folio) ; Moliler (R. C), G'eschichte des Monchthums in der Zeit seiner Entstehung u. ersten A usbildutig (1836 ; collected works, Regensb. vol. ii, p. 165 sq. ; Taj'lor (Independ- ent), Ancient Christiinitg (Lond. 1844), i, 299 sq. ; Yo- gel, "Ueber das Monchthum" (Berlin, 1858), in the Beutsche Zeilschtiftf.christl. \Vissenschaft,etc.; Schaff, " Ueber den Ursprung und Charakter des Monch- thums," in Dorner's, etc., Jahrbiicher fur deulsche The- ologie (1861), p. 555 sq. ; Cropp, Origines et Causa: mo- tiachatus (Gott. 1863) ; Lea, Ilist. Sacerdotal Celibaci/, chap, vii, x.xx ; Lecky, Hist. Ratiotialism (see Index); id.. Hist. European Morals (see Index) ; Gould, Ori~ gin of Religious Belief (N.Y., 1871, 2 vols. 8vo), i, 339 sq. ; Editiburgh Review, Jan., 1849 ; Eclectic Magazine, April, 1849; English Review, ii, 77 , i'li ; \_Lond. ^ Quar. Ree. cxxvii, July, 1861; Eclectic Revietv, July, 1859; Brit, and For. Ev. Rev. July, 1868 ; British Quar. Rev. art. viii, July, 1868 ; Edinb. Rev. April, 1868 ; St. Jatties's Magizine, March, 1870.
Monboddo, James BuuNiiT, Lord, a Scotch writ- er, noted for liis eccentric speculations of primitive his- tory, ^vas born at the family scat of Jlonboddo, in Kincardineshire, Scotland, in 1714. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen, and at Groningen, Hol- land. On his return to Scotland in 1737, he was admit- ted to the bar, and succeeded in gaining considerable practice. In 1767 he was promoted to the judicial bench, and became titled as Lord INIonboddo. But he by no means confined himself to the legal profession. He employed his pen in various departments of speculative philosophy, in which he displayed a profound rather than a useful learning. He was thoroughly versed in Greek literature, of which he became such an enthu- siastic admirer as almost to scorn modern learning. His great work, Or^igin and Progress of Languages, first appeared in 1773. In this he affirms, and endeavors to demonstrate, the superiority of his favorite ancients over tlieir present degenerate posterity, and discourses at large on the honor due the Greek language. This work met with no very marked success, being read more on accoimt of its eccentricities than for its prac- tical utility. Monboddo was in a certain sense, how- ever, the forerunner of the now so well-known English naturalist, Charles Darwin. Like the latter, Monboddo expressed his belief in the theory that men were orig- inally monkeys, and he went even so far as to insist that a nation still exists possessed of tails. His pecid- iar views were the subject of much memment and rid- icule by Dr. Johnson, who represents lord Monboddo as asking Sir Joseph Banks, who had made a visit to Bot- any Bay, whether he had met this strange race in his travels. On receiving a negative answer, he was much disappointed. Lord ISIonboddo's pen furnished the pub- lic also with a work on Ancient Metaphysics, in 6 vols., the first part of which apjiearcd in 1778. In this he endeavors to dissect the jihiiosopliy of Sir Isaac Xcwton; and, as in the former work, he sliows an extravagant fondness for Grecian learning and philosophy. I le seems to lack the ability of placing these ideas within the easy grasp of modern thought, though he shows his own thorough knowledge, of Aristotle particularly. In this work he further explains and supports his Darwinian ideas. Sir James Edward Smith draws a pen-picture of this eccentric genius, and represents him as '"a plain, elderly man, wearing an ordinary gray coat, leather breeches, and coarse worsted stockings, conversing with great affability about various matters — lamenting the decline of classical learning, and claiming credit for having adopted the Norfolk husl)andry." Lord Mon- boddo resided in Edinl)urgh until his death. May 26, 1799. Sec Edittb. Review, lviii,45; Cooper, Biog. Bid,
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s, V. ; Allibone, Diet, of British and American Authors, s. V. ; Chambers, Cycloj^cedia, s. v. ; English Enq/clop. s. V. ; Gentleman's Magazine, 1799 ; Tytler, Life of Lord Karnes. (H. W. T.)
Moncada.Loi'is-ANTOisi: de Belluga i>E,a Span- ish prelate, was born at Motril, in the kingdom of Granada, Nov. 30, 1G62. He entered the Church, where his distin- guished birth placed many ecclesiastical honors within his power, but, with pious modesty, he refused them all. Philip V appointed him bishop of Carthagena and jNIur- cia in 1705. Soon after the archduke, who disputed the crown with Philip, invaded Spain. Moncada remained faithful to his sovereign, and so strongly evinced his devotion that Philip rewarded him with the titles of viceroy of Valencia and captain-general of Murcia in 1706. But, notwithstanding these royal favors, his zeal did not degenerate into servility, and he resisted the court when he thought the interests of the Church were compromised. Thus he obstinately opposed a duty placed on the property of the clergy. At the height of his quarrel with the king's party, he was included in a promotion of cardinals ; but, believing in faithful sub- mission to the administration of his country, though a prelate, he declared that he would not accept the pur- ple without the king's consent. This permission had only been delayed to test the bishop's constancy, and, according to Saint-Simon, " the affair ended with un- equalled glory for Belluga." " Subsequently," adds Saint-Simon, " Belluga, who had more zeal than discre- tion, wished to institute some reforms, which the bishops of Spain could not permit. They opposed his plans with great success, and Belluga, not being able to pro- cure for his country the advantages he proposed, be- came greatly disgusted, and entreated the king to re- lease him from the bishopric of Murcia, and permit him to retire to Rome." He was there, as in Murcia, a very faithful subject to his king, and still preserved an anx- ious interest in all his affairs. His virtue, which lifted him above all politics, acquired for him a veneration and consideration during the whole course of his long life. 1 le (lied at Kome, Feb. 22, 1743. See Moreri, Grand Diet. IliMiir. s. V. ; Saint-Simon, Memoires, xi, 197-199 (edit. Clieiuel). — Hoefer, N'ouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.