We now return to tlie external history of Jlontanism. We have stated that it probably originated in Phrj-gia about tlie middle of the 2d centur\', and that it spread rapidly during the bloody persecutions under Jlarcus Aurclius. In Asia Minor, however, it met with oppo- sition, and the bishops and s\mods almost universally declared against the new prophecy as the work of diC- mons. Among its literary opponents in the East are mentioned Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis, MiUiades, [ Apollonius, Serapion of Antioch, and Clement of Alex- andria. The lioman Church likewise, during the ejjis- copate of Eleutherus (177-190) or of Victor (190-202), after some vacillation, set itself against it at the insti- | gation of tlic presbyter (.'aius and the confessor Prax- eas. Yet the opposition of Hippolytus to Zephj-rinus I and Callistus, and the later Xovatian schism, shows that | the disciplinary rigorism of Montanism found energetic j advocates in Rome till after the middle of tlie 3d century. | Indeed it was some time before the Montanists formed themselves into an independent sect in the Western Church (comp. Gieseler, Eccles. Hist, i, 125, note G). The Gallic Christians, Irenseus at their head, took, it is now generally believed, a conciliatory posture, and sym- pathized at least with the moral earnestness, the enthu- siasm for martyrdom, and the chiliastic hopes of the Montanists. They sent the bishop Irenieus to bishop ' Eleutherus at Home to intercede in their behalf, and this mission may have induced him or his successor to issue letters of peace, which were, however, soon after- wards recalled. In Xortli Africa they met with exten- sive sympathy, as the Punic national character leans naturally towards gloomy and rigorous acerbity. Here it secured TertuUian, who helped the gropcrs in the dark towanls a twilight of ])hilosophy. lie is its proper and only theologian. Through him, too, its principles re- acted in many respects on the Catholic Church ; and tliat not only in North Africa, but also in Spain, as we may , see from the harsh decrees of the Council of Elvira in 203. It is singular that Cyprian, who, with all his High-Church tendencies and abliorrence of schism, was a daily reader of TertuUian, makes no allusion to 3Ion- \ tanism. Augustine {I)e hnrcsibu.'!, ^ (i) relates that TertuUian left the ^Montanists and founded a new sect, which was called after him. but was through his (Au- gustine's) agency reconcUed to the Catholic congrega-
tion at Carthage. As a sect, the Montanists run down into the Gth centurj'; but, as has been remarked with much truth, although the actual number of the Monta- nists was at one period very considerable, the impor- tance of tlie sect is really to be estimated by tlie extent to which tlieir character became infused into the Church. Neander attributes much of this to the great infiuence which TertuUian exerted through the relation in which he stood to Cyprian, who caUed him his teacher. At the same time it is to be noticed that there was some tendency in the opposite direction in the introduction of a prophetical order superior in rank and importance to the order of bishops. The first order among the Montanists was that of patrUirc/i. the second that of cenones, and the third that of hUhop. The patriarch resided at Pepuza, in Phrygia, the anticipated seat of the mUlennial kingdom, and at that time almost exclu- sively inhabited by ilontanists.
See TertuUian's works, especially his numerous ilon- tanistic writings; Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. v, 3, 14-19; Epiphanius, Har. p. 48, 49 ; Wernsdorl, De Montanis- tis (Dantsic, 1741); Miinter, Effatu et oracula Monta- nistur. (Copenh. 1829) ; Neander, .4 ntignosticus oder Geist aus TertuUian's Schriften (Berl. 1825; 2d cd. 1849); Schwegler, Der Muntanismus n. die christl. Kirc/te des 2ten Jahrh. (Tiib. 1841); Kirchner, De Montauistis (Je- na. 1852, 8vo) ; Baur, Das M'esen des Montanigmiis nuch den neuesten Forschunyen, in the Theol. Jahrbiicher (Tiib. 1851 ; comp. his Cliristenth. der 3 ersten Jahrh. p. 213- 224) ; Niedner, Kirchen-Geschichte, p. 253 sq., 259 sq. ; Ritschl, Entstehung der alikathol. Kirche (2d ed. 1857), p. 402-550 ; Pressense, Early Years of Christianity (Heresy and Doctr.), iii, 101-124; Neander, Ch. Hist, i, 507, 526; Hkt. Christian Dogma (see Index); Schaff, Ch. Hist, i, 362-409 ; Hagenbach, Hist. Doctr. i, 60 sq. ; ^^'alch, Gesch. der Ketzereien, i, 611 sq. ; KiUen, Anc. Ch. p. 436 sq. ; Burton, Eccl. Hist. First Th ree Cent. p. 405 sq. ; Ebrard, Kirchen- u. Dogmengesch. i, 137 sq.; Mossman, Hist. Catholic Church (Lond. 1873, 8vo), ch. v; Lipsius, in IlUgenfeUl's Zeitschr.Jlir u-issenschaftUche Theologie, 1865 and 1866 ; Lond. Qu. Rev. Jan. 1869, p. 473 ; Chris- tian Examiner, Sept. 1863, p. 157 ; Brit. Qu. Rev. Oct. 1873, p. 288. (J.H.W.)
Montano, LEANuno, a Spanish theologian, a na- tive of Murcia, flourished in the 17th centurj-. He was also known under the name Leandro of Murcia. He was a Capuchin monk, ecclesiastical inspector of Castile, qualificator of the Inquisition, and preacher to the king. Among his numerous works may be mentioned, Questi- ones regulares y regla de los menores (^ladrid, 1645, 4to) : — Commentaria in Esther (ibid. 1647. fol.): — ExpUcacion de las bulas de Innocencio X (ibid. 1650, 4to) : — Disqui- sitiones morales in primani S. Thomcc (ibid. 1G63-70, 2 vols. fol.). See Antonio, Bihl. Xova. Hispana ; Saint- Antoine, Bibl. unir.franciscana, ii, 279. — Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generate, s. v.