ing to Mohammedan customs, etc. At times this was winked at. Thus in the latter part of the reign of Charles ^' the Jloriscoes were left in peace ; Philip II ex- pressly commanded the Inquisition to show great mild- ness and toleration towards them, and even a papal bull was promulgated to that effect. But when, during the war with the piratical Moors of Barbarj-, it was found out that the Moriscoes had always remained in commu- nication with their African brethren, they l)ecame again the objects of persecution. They were forbidden to car- ry arms without a special authorization, under a penal- ty of six years of hard labor in the galleys. This gave rise to numerous insurrections, which finally settled into a war of ambush and assassination, and the government was thereby forced to restore the former more rigorous system. After trying other means, I'hilip II was finally brought to issue a proclamation (November 13, 1550), in which the use of Arabic either in speaking or writing, that of Arab names, and of the national costume of the Moors, even that of their usual baths, Avas forbidden them ; three years were given them to learn Spanish, and those who after that time should contravene these commands were to be punished, according to circum- stances, by imprisonment or banishment. This jirocla- mation, against which the Spanish governor of (Jranada and many Spanish statesmen (among them the duko of Alba) emphatically jjrotested, was nevertheless enforcer
well at first, the nobility even helping the poor people by purchasing their property at a fair price. But this did not suit the viceroy, who forbade such purchases being made. The Jloors now became again frighten- ed, and those of the south of Valencia, who had not yet emigrated, rose in arms. Many were killed, the others very cruelly treated. The emigration from Murcia and Andalusia succeeded better, most of the Jloriscoes from those provinces taking refuge in I'>z. Those of Ara- gon, Castile, and Estremadura were ordered to Navarre, but on the frontiers were informed by the rrcncli that they had strict orders not to allow them to penetrate into the country. Exasperated, they either fought their way through or purchased permission to enter. Those of Catalonia were directed to Africa. A small remnant of about 30,000, who had been permitted to stay on exhibiting certificates from their bishops testifying to their sound Christianity, were also driven away a few years later, and left Spain in 1012 and 1013. The whole number of persons thus forced to emigrate is gen- erally reckoned at about a million, and consisted large- ly of the most active and industrious among the inhab- itants of Si)ain. Those who had emigrated to Africa were at first well received, but subsequently jiersecutcd also by their own coreligionists, whom their European views' and habits displeased, and who were jealous of their skill as workmen ; so that they were driven out
by the advice of a cardinal and an archbishop. The first of Algiers and Fez. Only at Tunis, whose inhabitants
were mostly descendants of the Moors of (Jranada, did they find a really hospitable shelter. A small remnant of Moriscoes, some 00,000 in number, remained conceal- ed in the valleys of the Alpujarras, and have to this day retained their peculiar manners and customs, but they have long since become earnest Koman Catholics. See Conde, JJi.itoriu de la Dominacion tie los Anilns en Ks- pwwa (Madrid, 1820-21, 3 vols.; Engl, transl.. llUt. of the Domin'wn of the Arabs in Spain, by Jlrs. Jonatlian F'oster [London, 1855, 3 vols. 12mo. Bohn's Library]); Moron, Cinso de /lisioria de la Ciii/izacion de J-.'spanna (Madrid, 1841-3, 3 vols.); Aschbach, Gesc/i. d. Omma- jaden in Sj)u7iien (Frankf.-am-JIain, 1829, 2 vols.); id. Gesch. Spaniens v. Portugak z. Zeit d. J/errsc/iaft d. A l- moraviden v. A Imohaden (Frankf. 1833-7, 2 vols.) ; Von Kocbau, Die Moriskos in Spanien (Leips. 1853) ; Uerzog,
result was an insurrection, organized in secret, witli the aid of the Moors of Africa, which broke out in the spring of 1508, and at once assumed the character of a war of extermination. The war continued with various vicis- situdes— the Moors rising uji again when they were thought to have been thoroughly subjected — for several years, until finally, after the assassination of the second leader of the insurgents, Aben-Abil (March 18, 1571), the war ended.
The kingdom of Granada, previously the most pop- ulous and richest province of Spain, had now become a desolate desert, with here and there a few bands of Moors supporting themselves by robbery amid the ruins of its former splendor. The greater nimiber of Moors were transplanted into other provinces, wliere they were strictly watched. The use of the Arabic Ian-
MOOSIAS
567
MORAL LAW
Real-Encyllopadie, ix, 183 sq. ; Wetzer u. Welfce, Kirch- en- Lexikon, vi, 933 sq. ; Prescott, Reitjn of Ferdinand and Isabella ; Dozy, Gesch. der Mauren in Spanien bis zur Eroberung Andalusieiis durch die Almoraviden (711- 1110) (Leips. 1873-5); HaUam, History of the Middle Ayes (student's ed.), P- 237-43 ; Ticknor, Spanish Liter- ature, iii, 389 sq.; Southern Review (Jan. 1874), art. ii; and especially the seventeen articles by Prof. Coppee on the "Moorish Conquest of Spain," in the Penn Month- ly of 1873 (Phila.). See also Morocco. (J. H.W.)
Moosi'as (Moo(7(«c, ViUg. Moosius), a Grajcized form (1 Esdr. ix, 31) of the Maaseiah (q.v.) of the Heb. text (Ezra x, 30).