1525, and the insurgents were completely defeated ; ac- cording to some accounts they lost five tnousand men, according to others seven thousand. Frankenhausen was taken and plundered. Jliinzer, discouraged, hid iu a bed, feigning to be sick. He would have escaped, but a soldier having found in his travelling-bag a letter by count Mansfeld, Miinzer was recognised and arrested. j Being put to the tt>rture, he revealed the names of his accomplices; was then taken to JMiihlhausen, where Pfeiffer, who had sought to escape, was also a firisoner, and the two, together with twenty -four other rebels, were beheaded. His numerous writings, all of which are still extant, indicate a more than ordinary mind and will, but they betray also a great lack of sound judgment and a want of common-sense. His language is often forcibly eloquent, but all his utterances are tinged with coarseness and vulgarity. See Jlelanc- thon, Die Uistorie v. Thome Miintzer, etc. (1525) ; Christ. Guil. Aurbachii Dissertationes oratorios de eloquentia in- c-pta Thomoe Munzeri (Wittenb. 171 G); Liischer, /-/ts- sertatio de Muntzeri dodiina et fuctis (Leips. 1708)'; Strobel, Lehen, Schriften v. Lehren Thomd Miinlzer's (Numb, and Altdorf, 1795); Baczko, Thomas Miinzer (Halle and Leips. 1812); Seidcmann, Thomas Miinzer (Dresden and Leipsic, 1842) ; Leo, Thomas J/wHser (Ber- lin, 1856) ; Evanrjel. Kirchenzelt. 1856, p. 293; Kapp, Nachlese niitzlich. liifoitnations-Urkund. ii, 613; Cyp- rian, Reformations-Urhmden, ii, 339; "\\'alch, Luther's Werke, xvi, 4 sq., 171 sq. ; Frank, Kelzer - Chronik, p. 187; Seckendorf, Ilist. Lutheranismi, i, 118, 156, etc.; Slcidanus, De statu, etc., lib. v, 1 ; Arnold, Kirchen- u, Ketzerhhtorie, 1740, i, 629, 674 ; Otting, Annates Ana- baptist. 1672, p. 4, 6, 16, 42 ; Ranke, Deutsche Gesch. im Zeitalter d. Reform, ii, 187, 192, 215, 225; rj'Aubigne, Hist, of the Ref. in Germany and Su-itzerland, iii, 2ii7 s(i. ; Hardwick, Hist. Church of (he Reformation, p. 2.')2 sfj., p. 40, n. 1 ; Hagenbach, Kirchengesch. iii (4th ed. Leips. 1870), Lect. 20; Gieseler, Eccles. Hist. vol. iv (Harper's ed.); Seebohm, Hist. Prot. Revolution, p. 136, 141 sq., 150 ; Bktchrood''s Magazine, Feb. 1847, p. 385 sq. ; Zeit- schr.f. hist. Theoloijie, 1858, 1860. See also Peasant's Wau. (J.H.W.)
Mup'pim (Ileb. Muppim', CEp, perh. contracted from C^S1""2 in the sense oi flights; Sept. Tkla/Kpift, V. r. '0(pipiv and 'O^iyiii^, Vulg. Mophini), a person named in (Jen. xlvi, 21 as one of the sons of Benjamin born before the migration into Egypt; but really a grandson born much later, being a son of Becher (q. v.), as it would seem from parallel accounts. See Bkx.ja- 3I1N. He is doubtless the same elsewhere called Siik- I'IIUPIIAXI (1 Chron. viii, 5), Shupham (Numb, xxvi, 30), or SiiLPPiM (1 Chron. vii, 12). See Jacois.
Muratori, Lrnovico Antonio, a distinguished Italian theologian, archaeologist, and historian, was Kdrn at Vignola, near Modena, Oct. 21, 1072. His family being in moderate circumstances, his early education was neglected. In 1685, however, he entered the col- lege of the Jesuits, where he distinguished himself by his rapid progress. From a very early perio<l liis predilection for historical and literary pursuits began to manifest itself; and having entered into holy or- ders in 1688, without, however, accepting any eccle- siastical ofKce, his life was devoted partly to the litera- ture of his profession, but mainly to researches in his- tory, both sacred and profane, especially the histon,' of his native country. He took tlie degree of doctor in 1692; and his reputation for learning attracting the notice of Joseph Orsi and Felix IMarsigli, he was on their recommendation appointed by t'harles Borromeo sub-librarian of the Ambrosian Lilirary at Jlilan. In that collection Muratori discovered several iiudiled MSS. He made extracts from these, and published them with notes and comments, under the titles of .Ih- ecdota Latina and Anecdota Gnrca (Milan. 1(>97-I713, 4 vols. fob). Some years after he was recalled to ]\Io- dena by the duke Rinaldo, who gave him the situation
MURATORI
of librarian of the rich library of the house of Este, a place which he retained for the rest of his life. After this appointment Muratori devoted himself entirely to the study of the Italian records of the Middle As,fes; and after many years of assiduous labor he produced his great work, Reriim Italicarum Scriptores, ab anno mrcn Christiana; 500 ad 1500 (28 vols. foL). The first volume of this immense collection was published at Milan in 1723, and the last appeared in 1751. Several princes and noblemen defrayed the expenses of the publication ; sixteen of them contributed $4000 each. In this col- lection Muratori has inserted all the chronicles of Italy during the Middle Ages which he could discover, most of which were inedited, and lias accompanied them with valuable commentaries. Some of the texts had alreadj' been published by Grajvius in his Thesaurus A ntiquita- tum et llistoriarum Italice, but they were mostly confined to the last century or two of the period of a thousand years embraced by Muratori. While engaged in these prodigious labors, he also carried on an active literary correspondence with the scholars of the various coun- tries of Europe, and contributed essays not unfrequent- ly to the principal historical and literary academies, of most of which he was a member. Muratori, however, held opinions not always in harmony with those of his contemporaries, and became involved in a quarrel with several writers by an attack upon the learned institutions of the time, and by an advocacy of the plan of a republic of the learned in a series of letters printed at Venice in 1703, under the name of Lamindo Britanio. In theology also he attempted to open a new path by his Be infjeniorum moderatione in relvjionis ne- gotio (first published at Paris, 1714; German, Coblentz, 1837). It is in the interests of Hermesianism (see Hermes, Geokg), and was republished in Germany. Muratori endeavors to show in this work that freedom of thought in religious matters may be tolerated, and to what degree this liberty may be exercised. But he excit- ed the greatest tumult by his attacks against a society whose members pledged their lives to uphold the doc- trine of the immaculate conception. A Jesuit, Francis Burgi, having entered into a controversy with him on this point, Muratori wrote his Be supersfilione vitanda, sice censura voti sanguinarii in honorem immaculdtce conceptionis Beiparce. No printer dared publish this work, which appeared only in 1740 at Venice, pretend- ing to have been printed at Milan. He followed it up by similar writings, under the alias of Ferdinandus Val- desius. Soon after, however, he reconciled himself with the Jesuits by writing the history of their missions in Paraguay, for which they showered honors upon him. He also published a collection of the Roman liturgy (Rome, 1748, 2 vols, fol.), and opposed the principles of the Reformation in his Regolata dioozioni de' Ciistiani, published under the name of Lamindo Britanio (Venice. 1747, and often reprinted). This work met with great success. Muratori wrote also an abridgment of his dis- sertations in Italian, which was published after his death : Bissertazioni sopra le Antichita Italiane (1766, 3 vols. 4to). He also wrote in Italian, A nnali d' Italia dalprin- cipio deW era volgare sino aW anno 1750 (1762, 12 vols. 4to), It is the first general history of Italy that was pub- lished, and is a useful book of reference. It has been continued by Coppi down to our own times: A nnali d'ltalia in continuuzione di quelli del JSIuratori, dal 1750 al 1819 (Rome, 1829, 4 vols. 8vo). Another work of Muratori is his Novus Thesaurus vetenim Inscripiionnm (1739,4 vols, fol.), in which he has inserted many inscrip- tions unknown to Gruter, Spon, Fabretti, and other ar- chaeologists who had preceded him. In seeking after the historical records of the Middle Ages, Muratori collected also a vast number of documents concerning the social, civil, intellectual, and political condition of Italy during that long period whose history he transcribed and com- mented upon, and he published the whole in seventy- five dissertations, Antiquitates Italicm medii cevi, sice Bissei-tationes de moribus Italici populi, ab inclinatione