Musaus, Johann, a Lutheran divine, was born at Langenwiesen, in Thuringia, February 7, 1013. His early education he received from his father, who was the minister of that place. Having been duly prepared at the gymnasium of Amstadt, he went to Erfurt and Jena, where he first studied philosophy and humani- ora, and afterwards theology. In 1642 he was appoint- ed professor of historj', and in 1646 professor of theol- ogy at Jena, which position he held until his death in 1681. Everywhere Musiius was acknowledged as a very learned man, the greatest Lutheran divine of his century, after Gerhard (q. v.) and Calixtus (q. v.). He distinguished between theology and confession, and fa- vored the liberty of scientific theological researches. On this account he withstood, in connection with the
theologians of Jena, the pretensions of Calovius (q. v.) to subscribe the Consensus repetitus fidei vere Luthera- nce of 1655, but rather wrote against it. When he had finally yielded to the representations of the duke to ab- jure all and everj^ syncretism (q. v.) in 1680, he pub- lished his opinion against Calovius {Ilisf. Sgncr. p. 999- 1089), which the latter answered with his curse. Mu- siius's writings are all distinguished by a philosophical acumen, hence he was accused of magis ^^hilosophari, quam quod loquatur eloquia Dei. Besides his defence of Christianity against Herbert of Cherbury, under the title of De luniinis natures et ei innixce theologice naturulis insufficientia ad salutem (Jena, 1667), and against Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-politicus, etc., ad vei-itatis lancem examinatus (ibid. 1674), he wrote Dis- putatio de cultu divino Enochi (Erfurt, 1634; aga'inst the Jesuit G. Holzhagen) : — De barbarismis N. T. con- tra Grossium (Jena, 1642) : — De usu principiorum ratio- nis et 2)hilosophi(B in controversiis theologicis contra Ve- delium (ibid. 1644): — Bedencken ob gute Werke niithig seien zur Seligkeit (ibid. 1650) : — De resurrectione Chri- sti ex moi-tuis (ibid. 1653): — Unbeweglicher Grund der A ugsburgischen Confession (ibid. 1654), etc. These are all cited in Rottermund's Supplement to Jocher's Ge- lehrten-Lex. See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. x, 112 sq.; Buddei, Isagoge in Theol. p. 1076 sq. ; Gass, Gesch. der Protest. Dogmatik, ii, 202, 212; Tholuck, 17'"' Jahrh. pt. ii, p. 66. (B. P.)
Musaus, Johann Karl August, an eminent (German writer, was born in 1735 at Jena, and studied at that university. He was appointed minister at Eis- enach, but the peasants refused to receive him as their pastor because they had seen him dance. He died m 1788, His works are all of a secular character, but are valuable in the field of belles-lettres.
Musaus, Peter, brother of Johann, was born in 1620. He studied at Jena and Helmstadt, and also un- der George Calixtus at Rinteln in 1648. He became successively professor of philosophy and, in 1653, pro- fessor of theology. As such he took part in the Col- loquy of Cassel in 16G1. In 1663 he was appointed pro- fessor at Helmstadt, and in 1665 accepted a call in the same capacity to the newly-established University of Kiel. He died in 1671. See Witten, Mem. theol. p. 1840-1852 ; Chrysander, Professores acad. Julim, p. 187- 193 ; DoUe, Lebensbeschreibung aller Professoren d. The- ologie zu Rinteln, pt. ii, p. 275-296 ; Moller, Cinibria lit- erata, nt. ii, p. 565-573. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. x, 116. (J. N. P.)
Musaus, Simon, a Lutheran divine, great-grand- father of Johann ^lusiius, was bom in 1529. He studied at Frankfort and Nuremberg, and when twenty years of age he was called as pastor to Fiirstenwalde, and three years later, in 1552, to Crosscn, and in 1554 to Breslau. in the same year the University of Wittenberg con- ferred upon him the degree of doctor of divinity. In 1559 he was called as superintendent to Gotha, where he remained until 1561, when he was called as professor of theology to Jena, where, however, he did not stay long on account of his collisions with Victor Strigel. In 1565 we see him at Bremen and at Schwerin; in 1566 at Gera and Thorn ; in 1570 at Coburg, which place he had to leave because of his zeal against the Crypto-Calvinists. He died at Mansfeld, July II, 1582. He wrote, Auslegung des 1 Psalms (against Schwenk- field) (Breslau, ibb6):—Nutzlicher Unterricht zum er- sten Gebot (Erfurt, 1557, and after): — Auslegung des 91 Psalms (ibid. 1565) -.—De Bremensi editione excifata a Sacramentariis vera narratio, etc. (1562):— A'a^ec^is- mus-Examen (Thorn, 1569): — Predigten vom h. Abend- mahl (1568) :— 116 Predigten Uber Genesis (Magdeburg, lb76): — Pastille oder Auslegung der Episteln (1587, etc.). See Jocher, Gelehrten-Lex., Supplement, by Rotter- mund, s. v. ; Will, Niimbergisches Gelehrten-Lex. pt. ii, p. 700 sq. ; Strieder, Hessische Gelehrten-Gesch. pt. 9, p. 321; Kurtz, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, ii, 112 sq.
MUSCAT
750
MusEmr
(Mittau, 1874); Niedner, Lehrhuch d. Kirchengesch. p. 712. (H.I>.)
Muscat. Sec Pkrsia.
Musculus, Andreas, originally Meusel, a (Jerman theologian, was liorii in 1614 at Schneeberg, in Saxony. Having i^raduateil in the gymnasium of his native place, he went to Lei{)sic, where he stiulied, besides the scho- lastics, the ancient languages and Hebrew. Here he became actiuainted with the writings of the Keforma- tion, and the study of these estranged him from his Church. Having completed his studies, he returned to his native j)lace, where he openly declared himself for the Lutheran doctrine. In 1538 he went to Wittenberg, wliere he very closely joined Luther, for whose doctrine he soon developed a great zeal. " For my part, I say it openly, there has never been a greater man on earth since the times of the apostles than Luther. In this one man all the gifts of God are concentrated. Whoso- ever will, let him put side by side the gifts, light, rea- son, and knowledge of the old teachers and those of Lu- ther respecting sjiiritual things, and he will soon per- ceive that there is as much difference between the old teachers and Luther, as between the light of the sun and that of the moon." At the suggestion of Agricola (q. v.), the preacher to the elector of Urandciiliurg. he went to Frankfort in 1540, where he lectured, jireaching at the same time in the church which formerly belonged to the Franciscans. In the year 1544 he was appointed pastor iirimiiriits and professor or(/t««n'«s, which posi- tions he held until his death, September 2G, 1581. He belonged to those theologians who in 1576 and a year later wrote the Torr/aii Book and the Concordia: For- mida (q. v.), and was one of the most orthodox on this point, as he was formerly one of the most zealous against those who did not strictly adhere to Luther's doctrines. Thus he had a bitter controversy with Staniarus and Staphylus regarding the mediatorship of Christ, and es- pecially with his colleague Prwtorius, who rather fol- lowed Melancthon. He defended tlie doctrine '• that the law is necessary for repentance before faith, but is luniccessary to him who is born again." Besides tlnse tluolii;,ncal controversies, which were rather necessitated by the circumstances of those times, he had a constant tight with the magistrate of Frankfort. He published an extract of Luther's works, under the title Thesaurus (Frankf. 1573). Altogether we have of him about forty- six writings, which arc all given by Spiekcr, Lebetisf/escli . des Andreas Musculus (Frankf. -on-the-Oder, 1858), p. 310. See Herzog, lieal-Encijklop. s. v.; Supplement to JiJcher's Gelehrtcn-Lex. by Kottermund, s. v. ; Gieseler, Church Hist. (New York, 1863, Smith's transl.), iv, 439, 483. (B. P.)