Muza, IiiN-XosKiit. Sec Spain.
Muziano, fiiuoi.A.MO. a distinguished Italian paint- er, was born at Aiquafredda, near Brescia, in 1528. He painted a nunilier of Hiblical and religious subjects, one of which, the Ilesurrection of Lazarus, was greatly ad- mired by Michael Angelo. who pronotuiced liim one of the greatest painters of his time. Muziano is chiefly
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celebrated by his efiforts to advance the art of working in mosaics, which, up to this period, was merely an or- namental art of inlaying stones, but which he perfected almost to a rivalry with painting. He was a great fa- vorite with pope Gregory XIII, who employed him to paint a picture of St. Paul the hermit, and another of St. Anthony, for the church of St. Peter. Sixtus V also held Muziano in esteem, and intrusted to him the designs for the bass-reliefs of the column of Trajan. At the in- stance of this artist, pope Gregory founded the Academy of St. Luke, which Sixtus confirmed by a brief; and Muziano gave two houses to the institution. He also built the Capella Gregoriana at Kome. He died at Eome in 1590, and was buried in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, near the spot where his picture of the Resurrection of Lazarus was placed. Many of his pict- ures have been engraved. His celebrated picture, Christ Washing the Feet of his Disciples, which is in the cathe- dral at Rheiras, has been engraved by Desplaces. See Lanzi, Hist, of Painting, transl. by Roscoe (Lond. 1847, 3 vols. 8vo), 1, 417 ; ii, 184 ; Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rts (N. Y. 18G5, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Jameson and Eastlake, Hist, of Our Lord (Lond. 1864, 2 vols.8vo), i, 3G1.
Muzio (or Mutio), Girolamo Nuzio, an Italian writer, noted for his opposition to the Reformation and its adherents, and hence surnamed ^^ Malleus Hereti- coru7n," was born at Padua in 1496 and died in 1576. He wrote several polemical treatises against Luther, and various other works in prose and verse, none of which are of any value in our day except as literarj' curiosities. See Tiraboschi, Storia della Litterature Italiana, s. v.
Muzzarelli, Alphonso, an Italian theologian, was born in 1749, and was educated at the college at Prato. He was then ordained, and entered the Order of Jesus, but was compelled to leave it five years after, as he was appointed canon at Ferrara ; he was afterwards director of the college at Parma, and finally was called by pope Pius VII to Rome to take the position as theologian of the Poenitentiaria. He published while there several works against the irreligiousness of his time. He was in 1809 transported to Paris by the French, on account of his opposition to the Bonapartists, and there he died in 1815. His most important works are, // buon use della Logica in materia della Religione,tTans\. into French and Latin : — U Emilia disingannato contra Rousseau : — Influenza de Romani Pontefici nel governo di Roma avanti Carlo Magno : — Memorie del Giacobinismo : — Dissert aliones selectm de auctoritate Romani Ponfificis in Conciliis Generalihus, etc. — Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen- Lexikon, vii, 425.
Muzzle (nOr||: chasam', to stop the nostrils, as in Ezek. xxxix, 11). In the East grain is usualh' thrashed by sheaves being spread out quite thick on a level spot, over which oxen, cows, and younger cattle are driven, till by continued treading they press out the grain. One of the injunctions of the Mosaic code is, "'Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn" (Deut. XXV, 4). From the monuments we learn that the an- cient Egyptians likewise suffered the ox to tread out the corn unmuzzled. " The origin of this benevolent law," says Michaelis, " with regard to beasts, is seem- ingly dediicible from certain moral feelings or senti- ments prevalent among the people of the early ages. They thought it hard that a person should be employed in the collection of edible and savory things, and have them continually before his eyes, without being permit- ted once to taste them ; and there is in fact a degree of cruelty in placing a person in such a situation ; for the sight of such dainties is tormenting, and the desire to partake of them increases with the risk of the prohibi- tion. Add to this that, by prohibitions of this nature, the moral character of servants and day-laborers, to the certain injury of their masters' interests, seldom fails to
become corrupted, for the provocation of appetite at the sight of forbidden gratification will, with the greater number, undoubtedly overpower all moral suggestions as to right or wrong. They will learn to help them- selves without leave. Therefore when Moses, in the terms of this benevolent custom, ordained that the ox was not to be muzzled while thrashing, it would seem that it was not merely his intention to provide for the welfare of that animal, but to enjoin with the greater force and effect that a similar right should be allo^ved to human laborers. He specified the ox as the lowest example, and what held good in reference to him was to be considered as so much the more obligatory in ref- erence to man." Comp. Hos. x, 11 ; 1 Cor. ix, 9-11 ; 1 Tim. V, 18. This ancient Mosaic law, allowing the ox, as long as he is employed in thrashing, to eat both the grain and the straw, is stiU observed in the East. Prof. Robinson, when at Jericho, in 1838, observed the proc- ess of thrashing by oxen, cows, and younger cattle. He says, " The precept of INIoses, ' Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn,' was not very well regarded by our Christian friends ; many of their animals having their mouths tied up ; while among the Mohammedans I do not remember ever to have seen an animal muzzled. This precept serves to show that of old, as well as at the present day, only neat cattle were usually employed to tread out the grain." See Thresh- ing.