Nanmanii, Joiians (JoTTi.iicn. a noted German composer of music, both sacred and ]>rofane, was bom of very humble parentage near Dresilen, S.axony, in i 1741. Though Naumann had to struggle .against pov- ) erty and hardships, his industry never relaxed. He I pursued his studies until he made himself one of the
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first musicians of his age. In 1765 he was appointed composer to the elector of Saxony. He died of apo- plexy in the year 1801. His compositions, which were very numerous, include works of every kind — operas, ora- torios, songs, cantatas, odes, compositions for the piano- forte, symphonies, etc. For the last years of his life he devoted himself altogether to the composition of sacred music, and left many valuable works in the library of the chapel of Dresden.
Nauniburg Convention was a meeting of Ger- man evangelical riders and states, held at Naumburg- on-the-Saale from January 20 to February 8, 15(31, with a view to harmonizing the evangelical parties in Germany by subscribing anew the Augsburg Confes- sion of 1530. The Protestant German Church was sad- ly divided ou dogmatic grounds; the Council of Trent was to meet again, and the desire of the princes who nut at Augsburg was to give by their subscription of the Augsburg Confession, not only a uniform Confession to the Church, which might bring about the long-de- sired peace between the dissenting parties, but also to present to the council a harmonious body and union within the Protestant Church. Since the beginning of the Reformation, the German as well as the Swiss Protestant Church had been not only in a constant fight with the Romish Church, but also with each other, which since Luther's death had not diminished, but rather increased. The new edition of the Augsburg Confession, which Melancthon published in 1540, made him the mark of those zealots who adhered to the dead letter of Luther, and who attacked and charged him with apostasy, while his adherents the " Philippists," as they were called, were charged in connection with their master witli '• crypto-Calvinism." Besides the Calvin- istic and crypto-Calviuistic controversies, the Inter- imistic (<i. v.), Adiaphoristic (q. v.), Majoristic (q. v.), Osiandrian, Staniarian, Synergistic, and Flacian con- troversies disturbed tlie peace of the Protestant Church. All attempts of the Protestants to have peace among themselves and with the Church of Rome were in vain ; but this object was never lost sight of whenever a good opportunity offered itself. Thus in 1557, Feb. 11, a colloquy was held at Worms for this purpose, but Flacius frustrated it. Another effort was made in the following year, when the Roman king Ferdinand was to be pro- claimed emperor at Frankfort-on-the-Main ; some of the Protestant princes charged Melancthon to prepare a declaration uu the controverted points, in which dec- laration the princes acknowledged a full harmony with the Augsburg Confession, asserted it to be their own confession, and incorporated it into the Frankfort Re- cess, March 18, 1558; agreeing at the same time to have a friendly understanding on such points of the controversy as might need yet a fuller explanation, but that for the present " nothing should be taught, preach- ed, or propagated which was not in harmony with their confession as laid down in the Recess." But this attempt was also in vain, since some, especially the Hacians, would not accept the Frankfort Recess. The same must be said of the attempt made by the duke John Frederick of Saxony to convene the states and theologians of Lower Saxony at Magdeburg, May 16, 1558. When in the next year, at the Diet of Augsburg, the emperor Ferdinand promised to try to convene a council in order to do away with all religious contro- versies, which seemed the more likely now that pope Paul IV was succeeded by Pius IV, the evangelical riders said more clearly that something ought to be done to bring union anil peace into the Church. Tlie Church of Rome was wont to reproach the Protestants that they did not know Avhich Augsburg Confession to accept, the one originally made by Luther, and known as the Confcssio Invariata, or the one doctored by Me- lancthon, and known as the Confessio Varia/a. To take awaj' this reproach, it was necessary in the first place to agree which form of the Augsburg Confes- sion should be the basis of their creed, and in the sec-