Na've (Nni;?/, Ecclus. xli, 1). See Nrx.
Navel ("i", shor, or "l-ni, shorer', or "Ii1"r, sha- rir', to knot as a cord), the umbilical connection of the fcBtus with the mother (Ezek. xvi, 4), hence the abdo- men where it is attached (Job xl, 10; figuratively, Prov. iii, 8) ; finally, the bodice or vestment of that part of the person (Cant, vii, 2).
Navez,FR.\xvoisJosi;i'ii, an eminent Belgian paint- er, celebrated for his devotion to sacred art, was born at Charleroi Nov. 17, 1787, and studied at Brussels, and at Ghent, where he gained a prize. He early became noted for his artistic qualities; yet he continued his stuilies, and, not contented with the advantages afforded liim at home, went to Paris, where he became a pupil of the celebrated J. L. David, and subsequently studied in Ita- ly under distinguished masters. On his return to the Belgian capital, Navez rose rapidly to distinction. He was made professor in the normal school and director of the Academy of Fine Arts, and was generally ac- knowledged the most eminent master of the academical school of painting. He died in 1869. Among his works are, IJagar in the Desert, Meeting of Lsaac and Bilxcca, Raising of the Son of the Shulamite Woman, Prophet Samuel, Ascension of the Virgin, Marriage of the \'ir- gin, Jesus Sleeping, and the Virgin and the Infant Jesus.
Navigation. The situation of Palestine on the Jlediterranean. and the navigalile inland sea of Tibe- rias, accounts for the fre(iuent allusions in Scripture to ships and navigation. In the Old Testament only the Mediterranean commerce is spoken of, especiallv that of Palestine and the neighboring coasts; for Joppa in Philistia (Jonah i, 3; 2 Chron. ii, 10; comp. 2 Mace, xii, 3) and Tyre in PhaMiicia (Isa. xxxiii, 1 ; F'zek. xxvii; comp. Acts xxi, 7) were in ancient times famous ports for the ships of distant nations (ri'rs -n'D, Prov. xxxi, 14), and afterwards became the chief marts of Phoenician commerce. The Israelites soon became ac(juainted with the Phfcnicians by coasting voyages (2 Chron. ii, 10), and the tribes of Zcbulon ((Jen. xlix, 13), Dan, and Asher (Judg. v, 17) seem to have been especially active in trade. After the Edomiiish ports Elath aiul ICziongeber were conquered and annexed to his kingdom, Solomon established a commerce there, which .lehoshaphat afterwards endeavored in vain to revive. In the days of the ISIaccabees, Joi>pa was a Jewish seaport (I Mace, xiv, 5); but Herod the Great opened Civsarea, a larger and better harbor (Joscphns, War, iii, 9, 3). Yet even then the Jews had no com- merce of their own. Tiie merchant fleets of Babylon are mentioned ( Isa. xliii. 14 >. the ships of Tarshish (^Isa. xxiii, 1), and the reed-boats of the Nile (Isa. xviii, 2). Many of the scenes of the Gospels are on the shore of the Sea of Genesareth, where afterAvards the Jews had 230 ships, with four men in each (Josephus, W<tr, ii, 21, 8). Jesus stood in one of the fishing-boats, and ]ireach(il to the people t>n the shore (^latt. xiii. 2; Luke v, 3). He crossed the lake repeatedly (JIatt. viii, 23; ix, 1 ; xiv,
NAVIGATION
sn
NAWAWI
13 sq. ; John vi, 17). Some of his first disciples were owners of such boats (iVIatt. iv, 21 ; John xxi, 3 ; Luke V, 3). The vessels of the Egyptians (Diod. Sic. i, 57) and Phoenicians were adorned with brass, purple stream- ers, etc. The ships of Tyre were the most stately, and the most highly ornamented (Ezek. xxvii ; comp. Ca- menz, Be nave Ti/ria, Viteb. 171-1). The deck was of cypress wood; the masts were pine (or cedar) trees {(TKivoQ, Acts xxvii, 17, according to Kuinol, ad loc); the sails were of the Egyptian byssus, colored variously (comp. Ezek. xxvii, 7, and Hiivernick, ad loc). The oars were of oak (ver. C). Tackling and rudder are not expressly mentioned, though some (as Umbreit) find the latter in bsfl (Prov. xxiii, 34). Others under- stand it of the mast (see Gesen. Thes. i, 44:0). But in the New Testament the rudder or helm (^TrtjSaXiov) is mentioned (James iii, 4 ; Acts xxvii, 40 ; in which latter passage it must be remarked that the larger ships had two rudders, one at each end ; .^lian, V. II. ix, 40 ; Hy- gin. Astron. iii, 36 ; comp. Fuh. 14 ; Heliod. ^-t^th. v, 22 ; comp. Deyling, Obsercat. i, 295 sq.). Some had even four, two on each side (see Tacitus, A nnal. ii, 6), The 27th and 28th chapters of Acts inform us in several par- ticulars of the equipment of the larger merchant vessels in the Roman period. It was a "ship of burden" in which Paul was taken to Kome. But the ships of bur- den were built rounder and deeper than the ships of war (CiBsar, Bell. Gall, iv, 22, 25), and sometimes extraor- dinarily large (Cicero, Fam. xii, 15); therefore used only on the sea and large streams (Pliny, vi, 36), and were driven more by sails than by oars, whereas tlie ships of war alwaj-s had from two to five rows (banks) of oars, or even more ; hence called biremes, triremes, etc. {rpiqpiig, 2 Mace, iv, 20). On the pointed project- ing front was the prow, carrying the figure-head (jrapd- ar]nov. Acts xxviii, 11), from which the ship was named (see Tacit, Ann. vi, 34; Ovid, Trigt. i, 10, 1 sq.). But th2 image of the guardian deity stood on the stern (puppis, Virgil, ^i^ii. x, 156 sq. ; Silv. Italicus, xiv, 410 ; Eurip. Iphig. Aul. 240 sq.). Sometimes the figure- head (^Trapdaiifiov) may have been the statue of the god (comp. Herod, iii, 37 sq. ; Ovid, Metam. iii, 617). Each ship had a life-boat {<jKd<pi], Acts xxvii, 16, 30, 32; comp. Cicero, Invent, ii, 51), several anchors ("p513>j Mishna, Baha Bathra, v, 1) fastened with ropes (Arrian, Alex, ii, 4, 8; Acts xxvii, 29, 40; comp. Cajsar, Bell. Civ. i, 25; Josephus, Life, 33), and the sounding-line {jioXiq, comp. Acts xxvii, 28) to measure the depth in places where they wished to cast anchor. Among the sails, one in particular was called dpTejxtui^ (Acts xxvii, 40; Auth. Vers. " mainsail"), which was spread when a moderate force of wind was desired (comp. Schol. adJuv. xii, ii^), but its exact position cannot be determined. Modern writers understand it to be the " topsail." The girding the ship with strong cables, to prevent her from dashing to pieces on the rocks (Acts xxvii, 17), is often mentioned by ancient writers (Polyb. xxvii, 3, 3 ; Hor- ace, Od. i, 14, 6 sq. ; see SchefiFer, Milit. Nav. ii, 5), The various expedients of mariners, when danger threatened the ship, are vividly described in Acts xxvii. First, they lightened the ship (ver. 19), then tried to reach the shore in the boats ; then threw the freight into the sea (ver. 38 ; comp. Jonah i, 5), and the crew and pas- sengers floated to the shore on boards and fragments of the wreck (Acts xxvii, 44). The master of a transport was called vavKXijpog (ver. 11), and was generally a ditTerent person from the pilot, Kvfiipvijrrjg (see Cicero, Iiiv. ii, 51). The former is called "?3hn 2^ (Jonah i, G), which some would render gubernutor, " pilot." The crew are called in Hebrew DTl^ia (Ezek. xxvii, 9, 26, 29; Jonah i, 5), from whom the steersmen (Cibsh, Ezek. xxvii, 27, 29) are distinguished. The Sept. ren- ders the former bj^ KioTrriXdrai, rou-ers, the latter by Kii/3fpj'/;rot, 2^>-lots ; perhaps correctly. The ancients, by keeping close to the shore, and following all its sin-