uosities, in early times made their voyages very long (comp. 1 Kings x, 22). The same custom is said still to prevail on the Ked Sea (Niebuhr, Trav. i, 258 ; Irwin, Tirtv. p. 100, 126 sq.). When they ventured out on the high seas, they were guided, having no compasses, by certain well-known stars, as the I'leiades, the Great and the Lesser Bear, Orion, etc. (^Odijs. v, 272 ; Polyb, ix, 14-17; Virgil, J£n. iii, 201 sq.; Ovid, Met. iii, 594 sq. ; Arrian, A lex. vi, 26, 9). But the Greek and Roman mariners used to call upon the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, for deliverance from peril, these being univer- sally considered the tutelary deities of navigation. Through dread of winter storms, ancient navigation was confined to the summer months (Acts xxvii, 9; Philo, Opi^. ii, 548), The Romans considered the sea open from March to the time of the equinox (Veget. Mil. V, 9 ; Propert. i, 8, 9 ; Cc-esar, Gal. iv, 36 ; v, 23), and ships which were under waj^ at harvest-time sought a safe harbor for winter-quarters (Acts xxvii, 12). See also Schlozer, Vers, einer allge. Gesch. d: Handels u. der SchiJl'f'ahrt in den Aeltesten Zeiten (Rostock, 1760) ; Le Roy, La Marine des anciens peuples (Paris, 1777) ; Berg- haus, Gesch. d. Schifffahrtshunde bei d. vorn. Vol/c. d. A l- terth. (Leips. 1792) ; Benedict, Vers. d. Gesch. d. Schijff. n. d. Band, bei d. Alien (Leips. 1809); Baumstark, s. v. Navigalio ii. navis, in Pauly's Real-Encyklop. v, 428 sq. — Winer, ii, 406. See Ship.
Navilieres, Pierre, a French martyr to the cause of the Reformation doctrines, flourished near the middle of the 16th century. In 1552 Navilieres finished his theological studies at the seminary in Lausanne, under the eminent theologians Beza and Viret, Navilieres returned in this year to France, probably to his native place, Limoges. On the way he was seized and im- prisoned for his Reformed opinions, and after due trial for heresy was, with four other students from Lausanne, condemned to death. An appeal to the king delayed the execution of the sentence for one year, and during this time they were kept in prison. Pierre Navilieres had become a Protestant against the protestations and en- treaties of his parents, who now used every effort to save his life, and therefore urged him to renounce his princi- ples. His uncle Avent to Lyons, and implored him with bitter tears to recant. But the young man continued steadfast. In a letter to his father's family he said: "Our Saviour tells us that we must leave father and mother, and wife and children, and follow him. I am confident of eternal life, because I have been cleansed by the blood of Christ from all my sins. Now, my dear friends, whose condition is better, yours or mine? My time will not be long, although I have now been in chains a year and a day. My dark, damp prison is far more pleasant to me than your elaborately ornamented parlors. The jailer's keys sound more sweetly to my ears than all the music of your splendid instruments. I am happy in the shades of death, for I am ready to lay aside this mortality and enter into God's rest. Now I ask you. Do you have such joys as these? Are your large revenues, your grand equipages, and the music of your singers able to give you the peace which I have?" All efforts for his retraction of the unpopular doctrines having proved futile, and the intervention of the Swiss authorities even having failed to stay the judgment of the courts, Navilieres was finally executed. May 16, 1553. Previous to his execution he had published a confession of his faith, which for some time was widely circulated and read among the people of France, and exerted a powerful influence for the Protestant cause. See Hurst, Martyrs of the Tract Cause, p. 136 sq. (J. H. W.)
Nawaw^i, Mohieddin Abu-Zakariah Yahiah, el, an Arabian historian and doctor, was born in 1233 at Nawas, a borough near Damascus, in which city he died in 1277. He belonged to the Sofite sect of the Moham- medans. Nawawi composed a Commentary on the Ko- ran ; Critical Rules for History, etc. These writings, however, still remain in manuscript. The principal
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work of Nawawi is his ^fltssulman Biographical Dic- iionai-y, entitled Kulib tehasih al-amsuh (Book of the Concordance of Names). Tlie first section of it was pul'lished, with the Latin translation, under the title Liber conciunituiis nominum, sice vitw illustrium viro- rum, with notes, by II. K. AViistenfeld (Gottingen, 1832, 4to). This first section contains, besides the preface, only the life of the prophet Mohammed. M. Wiisten- feld afterwards pnblished, in English, the first six parts, under the title The Bior/raphical JHctionary of Illus- trious M(n, chiefly at the bpfjinning of Islamism (Gcit tin- gen. 184 1-44, 8vo). See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen. s. v.