Oscar I, King of Sweden and Norway, deserves a place here on account of his varied philanthropic labors. He was born at Paris July 4, 1799, and was the son of the French general Bernadotte. He came to the throne in 1844, and was then already noted as an author and a man of rare culture. He had renounced Romanism, and became an adherent to the Lutheran creed. As a monarch, he exerted himself in favor of religious and temperance reforms, and the improvement of the social condition of women. He resigned the royal authority in 1857, and died in 1859. Among his publications is a work On Penal Laics and Establish- ments (1851).
Oschophoria {6(Jxo<l>6pia, branch-bearing), a fes- tival among the ancient Greeks, celebrated, as some writers allege, in honor of Athene and Dionysus, while others maintain it to have been kept in honor of Di- onysus and Ariadne. It was instituted by Theseus, or,' according to some, by the Phoenicians. On the oc- casion of this festival, which was evidently connected with the vintage, two boys, carrv-ing vine branches in their hands, went in ranks, playing, from the temple of Dionysus to the sanctuary of Pallas. See Gardner, Faiths of the World, vol. ii, s. v.
OSCULTATORIUM
465
OSIANDER
Oscultatorium {object to be hissed), viz. pods ad Missam (of peace for the Mass); the "pax" for the holy kiss, as used in the ancient Church. It was a piece of wood or metal, with a picture of our Saviour, the blessed Virgin, or the like, painted or embossed upon it. This was kissed by the priest during the celebration of mass, and afterwards handed to the people for the same purpose; a custom which probably oriijinated in the ancient kiss of charity, which was practiced by the Christians at the service of the Eucha- rist.— Palmer, Oriij. Liturg. ii, 102. See also Pax.
Ose'a {Osee, 2 Esdr. xii, 40), Ose'as {Osee, 2 Esdr. i, 39), Osee' ('Qcr;;!, Rom. ix, 25), less correct modes of Anglicizing the name of the prophet Hosea (q. v.).
Osgood, David, D.D., a noted Congregational mini:<ter, was born at Andover, Mass., Oct. 14, 1747, and was educated at Harvard College, class of 1771. He studied theology at Andover, of which one of his ancestors was a founder, and was ordained to the min- istry Sept. 14, 1774. He settled as pastor of Med- for(l, where he continued nearly fifty years, and became a distinguished preacher. He was a zealous Federalist, and one of his sermons in 1794, upon Genet's appeal to the people against the government, attracted great at- tention, and rapidly passed through many editions. His election sermon in 1809 was the most celebrated of his discourses. He was a thorough Calvinist, " a truly good and great man, and an earnest and fearless preacher." A volume of his Sermons was published at Boston in 1824. See Sprague, A nnals of the A me?: Pulpit ; Drake, Diet. A mer. Biogr. s. v.
Osgood, Thaddeus, an American minister, noted as a philanthropist, was born at Methuen, Mass., Oct. 24, 1775, and was educated at Dartmouth College, class of 1803. He studied divinity with Drs. Lothrop and Emmons, and was ordained about 180G; was stated supply in Southburj^, Conn. ; and was a missionary in New York and Canada. He organized the first Church in Buffalo, N. Y., and many others; in 1812 he collected $9000 in England for a school in Quebec, and gathered there 200 boys in a Sabbath-school ; went again to England in 1825, and collected $5000 for a society to promote education and industry; in 1837 formed an- other society in Canada to supply Bibles for seamen and emigrants ; was many years a distributer of tracts and founder of Sabbath-schools ; went a third time to England for benevolent objects; and closed his useful life at Glasgow, in Scotland, Jan. 19, 1862. See Drake, Diet. A mer. Biogr. s. v.
Oshe'a (Heb. Hoshe'a, ^J^iri; Sept. Xhaiy, Vulg. Osee), another form (Numb, xiii, 8) of the name of Joshua (q. v.), the son of Nun.
Osliima (i. e. big island) is a Japanese island, some- times called Vries, or Barnereld's Island. It is about eight miles long and five wide, and there are many villages with considerable population on it. But as the inhabitants of Oshima are principally Japanese, we refer to the art. Japan.
Osiander, Andreas (1), a distinguished German theologian of the Reformation period, and a disciple of Luther, was born at Glinzenhausen, in Bavaria, Dec. 19, 1498. His father was a blacksmith, called Ilosemann, out of which name his son, after the fashion of his time, manufactured the classic-sounding name Osiander. Andreas studied successively at Leipsic, Altenbnrg, and Ingolstadt, and acquired great proficiency in the dead languages, particularly in Hebrew, as also in theology, mathematics, and even in medicine. After completing his studies, he was made teacher of theology in an Au- gustinian convent at Nuremberg, but in 1522 accepted the principles of the Reformation, and became an evan- gelical preacher in one of the cliurches of that city. He labored with marked success for the Reformation, fre- quently defending it in public conferences against the Koman Catholic clergy. His eloquence gained him VII.— G G