Osiander was well versed in mathematics, astronomy, and physics. He was very eloquent, but he had all the coarseness of his age ; he overwhelmed his adversaries with insults, unbecoming jokes, and cynical jests. His works were numerous, but are now altogether forgotten; the most important are, Conjectura: de ultimis temporibus ac define mundi (Nuremb. 1544, 4to) : — Flarmonim evim- gelic(e, libri iv, Greece et Latine (Basle, 1537, fob; ibid. 1561, Greek and Latin; Paris, Robert Estienne, 1545, Latin only ; translated into (ierman by J. Schweinzer, Frankfort, 1540, 8vo). This is the first" Protestant Har- mony, but it is worthless because Osiander labored under the new and erroneous opinion that the four Gospels, instead of being a narration of the same events, were an account of four different periods, chronologically follow- ing each other, and that the similitude of events was the resultofa similarity of circumstances: — Eiblia sac7-o, qu(f prater antiqnce Lutlnw versionis necessariam emenda- tionem, et difficiliorum locorum succinctam explicationeni, mnltds insitper iiti/issimas ohservationes, contiiiet (Tubing. 1(100, fill. ; four times reprinted). Osiander was the first to publish Copernicus's Astronomy, to which he wrote a preface (Nuremb. 1543, 4to). See, besides the works
already referred to, Adam, Vita theologorum Germano- rum ; Teissier, Eloges des hommes savants, i, 110, 111; Jiicher, Allg. Gelehrteti-Lexikon ; Musee des Protestants celehres ; Moerlinos, Historiu Osiandris ; Wigandus, De Osiandrismo (1583, 4to) ; Wilken, A nd. Osiander^s Leben, Lehre u. Schriften (Strasburg, 1844, 8vo) ; Lehnerdt, De Andr. Osiandro (Kcinigsb. 1837, 8vo) ; Lehen und ausgeiciihlte Schriften der Voter und Beyriinder der Lu- therischen Kirche, by Hartmann, MciUer, Schmidt, etc., vol. v; Mciller, Aiidreas Osiander, Leben und ausgewdhlte Schriften (Elberfeld, 1869, 8vo) ; Baur, Lehre v.d. Ver- svhnung, p. 329 ; .4 eta Osiandristica (Regiom. 1553, 4to) ; Joach. Morlin, Historia (1554) ; Arnold, Unpart. Kirchen- u. Ketzei-historie, H, vol. xvi, c. 24 ; Walch, Relighms- streit. d. Evany.-lMth. Kirchen (1733, 1739) ; Schrijckh, Kirchengesch. seit d. Refoi-m. iv, 572 sq. ; Planck, Gesch. d. protestantischoi Lekrbegriffs, vol. iv, v, vi; Baur, Dis- quisitio in A . Osiandri de justifcatione doctrinam (Tii- bingen, 1831); Dorner, Entirickelungsgesch. v. d. Person Christi (2d ed. 1854, p. 576-591) ; Farrar, Crit. Hist, of Free Thought; Buchanan, Docf. of Just if cation ; Gass, Gesch. der protest. Dogmatik, i, 61 sq. ; Held, De opere Jesu Christi salutari, quid M. Lutherus senserit denion- stratur (Gcitt. 1860) ; Fjank, Ad eccles. de saiisf. Christi doctrinam, quid redimaverit ex lite Osiandrian, (Erl. 1858) ; Grau, De And): Osiandri Docti-ina Commentatio (1860) ; Neander, Hist, of Christian Dogmas; Gieseler, Eccles. Hist, ii, 469-481 ; Hardwick, Hist, of Doctrines, ii, 286 sq.; Bullet. Theol. Jan. 1867, p. '23; Jahrb. Deutscher Theol. 1857, (J. H. AV.)
Osiander, Andreas (2), called the Yoi-nger, son of Lucas the Elder, was born at Blaubeuern, Wiirtem- berg, May 6, 1562. He became, in 1587, pastor at Guglingen ; preacher to the duke of Wiirtemberg in 1590; general superintendent in 1588; and, finally, chancellor of the University of Tubingen in 1605. Osi- ander died in 1617. He left sermons, essays, and theo- logical treatises, the best-known of which is Papa non papa, hoc est,papce et papicolaruni de priecipuis Chris- tianm fidei partibus Lutherana confessio (Tiibing. 1599, 8vo; Frankf. 1610, 12mo). — Hoefer, A'omv. Biog. Gene- rale. (J. N. P.)
Osiander, Johann Adam (1), a distinguished German Protestant writer, was born at Vaihingen, iu Wurtemberg, Dec. 3, 1626. He became, in 1680, chan- cellor of the University of Tubingen, and died there Oct. 26, 1697. Among his theological works we note, Commentarius in Pentateuchum (Tubing. 1676-78, 5 vols. foL), which was until the close of the last century con- sidered one of the best commentaries on the Pentateuch : —In Josuem (ibid. 1681, fol.) :— /« Judices (ibid. 1682, foL): — In librum Ruth (ibid. 1682, fol.):— /w primum et secundum librum Samuelis (Stuttg. 1687, fol.) : — Trac- tatus theologicus de magia (Tubing. 1687, 8vo) : — Pri- mitice evangelicoe, seu disposidones in Evangelia domini- culia et fe'stivalia (ibid. 1665-1691, 14 pts. 4to): — Z)e azylis Hebrceoi-um, Gentilium et Christianorum (ibid. 1673, 4to). Gronovius inserted in the fourth volume of liis Thesaurus antiquitatum Gracarum the part of this treatise which refers to the places of refuge among the (Jreeks and Romans. See Jocher, Allg. (Jelehrten-Lex. ; Hoefer, Nour. Biog. Generale, xxxviii, 905. (.L N. P.)
Osiander, Johann Adam (2). a German philol- ogist and theoliigian. son of the preceding, was born at Ttibingen in 1701. He became professor of Greek in tlie university of that city, and died there Nov. 20, 1756. He wrote a number of essays on questions of philology, literature, and philosophy. The best- known among them is entitled De immortalitate animm rationalis, ex lumine rationis probabili (Tiibing. 1732, 4to). See J. G. Walchius, Bibl. theol. selccta; Hoefer, Xoui: Biog. Gene- rale, xxxviii, 906. (J. N. P.)
Osiander, Lucas (1), called the Elder, son of Andreas Osiander (1), was born at Nuremburg Dec. 16, 1534. He accompanied his father to Konigsberg, and was educated at that high school. Upon the comple-
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tion of his studies he went to Suabia, and was made deacon at Gijppingen in 1555, and two years later spe- cial superintendent at Blaubcuern; in 15C0 he passed with the same title to Stuttgard, where he was appoint- ed court preacher in 15G7; and finally in 1593 he was appointed prelate of Adelberg. Here his violent de- nunciation of the Jews, who were protected by the duke from motives of policy, caused him to be ejected about 1596, and he withdrew to Esslingen ; in this city he preached for about a year without any salary ; but he tinally returned to Stuttgard, and there was made general superintendent of the churches of Wurtemberg. He died Sept. 7, 1{)04. His activity was as remarkable as his erudition. He had taken part in the conferences of Maulbrunn in 15G4, and also in 157G, when he assisted in framing the so-called Formula of Jlaulbronn ; also in the conferences of ^Mtimpelgard in 1586, and of Kegensburg in 1594. In 1584 he had taken an active part in oppos- ing the persecutions directed against the Anabaptists. He wrote against Sturm in defence of the Formula of Concord ; against Mentzer on the human nature of Christ; against Huber on the doctrine of election; against the Reformed theologians on the controverted points ; against the Jesuits, etc. He even published a treatise against Mohammedanism. Osiander's principal works are. Epitomes historim ecclesiusiicce centuricB arv (ex Historia Magdeburgica) (Tub. 1607, 3 vols. 4to) : — Enchiridion controversiarum, quce Aitgustance Confes- sionis theologis cum Anahuptistis intercedunt (Witeb. 1614, sm. 8vo) : — Enchiridion controversiarum, quas Auyusttince Confessionis theologi habent cum Calvinianis (ibid. 1614, sm. 8vo) : — Enchiridion controvei'siarum re- liyionis, qum hodie inter A ugustance Confessionis theologos et pontijicios hahentur (ibid. 1615, sm. 8vo) : — Biblia Lat. ad fontes Hehraici iextits emendata, cum brevi et perspicua exposiiione Luccb Osiandri inversis locis theo- lofficis (1574-1586, 7 vols. 4to; 13th ed. 1635; it was also translated into German by David Forstcr [Stuttg. 1609], and passed through many editions): — Institu- ticmes ChristiuncB Religionis ; Postella Ecangeliorum ; De ratione concionandi (Tlib. 1582, 8vo; twice reprint- ed) : — Admonitio de stiidiis Verbi dicini ministrorum privatis recte instit^iendis (ibid. 1691, 8vo). See Jocher, AUg. Gelehr.-Lexikon ; J. G. Walch, Biblioth. theologica selecta ; Neander, Hist. Christian Dogmas; Frischlinus, Memoria Theol. Wiirtemb. i, 146 sq. ; Schrockh, Kir- chengesch. s. d. Ref. iv, 428, 468, 671 ; Fuhrmann, Hand- wurterb. der Kii'chengesch. s. v. (J. H. W.)