Pacca, Bartolomeo, an Italian prelate of note in secular and ecclesiastical history, was born at Bene- vento Dec. 15, 1756, of a noble family. After studying at the college in Naples and at the Clementine College in Rome, he entered in 1778 the ecclesiastical school which Pius \l had just then founded. I'acca here gained not only the esteem of his teachers, but he
was brought to the notice of the pope, who became 60 much interested in him that he was ordained archbishop in partibus of Damietta, and was despatched to Cologne as papal nuncio. Abroad the same capacity which distinguished him at school was manifest, and he was frequently instrumental in strengthening papal influ- ence at a time when it was difficult to stay the tide of its decline. In 1794 he returned to Rome, only, how- ever, to assume at once the papal novitiate at Lisbon, and there he remained until 1802, His services to the papal chair in this quarter were so great that in 1801 he was created a cardinal by pope Pius YH, and in 1808 was made a papal minister of state, as successor to Con- salvis. In this new position Pacca proved an enthusiast. He urged the pope to unbending resistance against Na- poleon, and would suffer the pontiff to listen to no pro- posals except the most favorable for Rome. When Napoleon gained possession of Rome Pacca was there- fore arrested, together with the pope, and imprisoned as a rebel, July 6, 1809. After the Concordat at Fon- tainebleau in 1813, Pacca was suffered to go free, but his counsel to publisli a bull of excommunication made his reimprisonment a necessity, and he was banished to Uzes, until the fall of Napoleon set him free again. He entered Rome May 14, 1814, in the same carriage with the pope, whom he had served so faithfulh'. In 1815 he was again the companion of the pontiff in his flight from the Eternal City. After the pope's return to Rome Pacca became a member of the Congregation for Missions in China, and in 1810 was sent on a special mission to Austria. In 1821 he was made bishop of Porto and St. Rnfinus. In 1830 he was given the sees of Ostia and Yelletri, and was made prodatarius of the holy see, and archpriest of the Basilica of St. John of Lateran. He died April 19, 1844. He was actuated to the last by a strong desire to re-establish the papacy in its former glory, and was convinced that the power of the pope could be secure only by a firm adherence to the ecclesiastical rights which obtained in the Middle Ages. He was also a great friend of the Jesuits, and it was his influence with the pope that caused their restoration. Pacca narrated his experiences in a most agreeable and skilful manner, under the title Memorie istoriche, etc. (2d ed. Rome, 1830, 3 vols.). He also wrote Rela- zione del viayyio di pape Pio VII (Rome, 1833), etc. His complete works were published and translated into French and German. See Bioyraphie UniverseUe,yo\. Ixxvi, s. V. ; A mi de la Reliyion, Mai, 1844 (Paris) ; UUnirers (Paris, 1844) ; Hoefer, Nouv. Bioy. Generale, s. V. ; Bioyraphie JJnir. et portat, des Contemporuins, vol. V, S.V. (J.H.W.)
Paccanaiists. See Baccanarists.
Pacchiarotto, Jacopo, one of the most distin- guished of the old Italian masters in art, was born at Siena in the latter part of the 15th century. He lived at Siena until 1535, when, owing to his participation in a conspiracy of the people against the government, he was compelled to flee. Lanzi says that he would cer- tainly have been hanged had he not been protected by the Osservanti monks, who concealed him for some time in a tomb. He succeeded in making his escape, and joined II Rosso in France, where he in all proba- bility ended his days not very long afterwards, as nothing further is known of him, and he does not ap- pear to have left any works in France. There are still several excellent paintings, both in oil and in fresco, by Pacchiarotto in .Siena. There is a beautiful altar-piece in San Cristoforo, and some excellent frescos in Santa Caterina and San Bernardino. Speth takes particular notice of these frescos in his A rt in Italy, and terms Pacchiarotto the second hero of the Sienese school — Razzi, called Sodoma, being the first, Pacchiarotto is also highlj' praised by Lanzi. In Santa Caterina is the Visit of Saint Catharine of Siena to the Body of Saint Aynes of Montepidciano, in which are heads and figures worthy of liaphael. According to Speth these works
PACCORI
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PACHECO
can be justly compared with Raphael's alone; and he adds tliat dfsif^nating Pacchiarotto as of the school of Pcrui^ino is only magnifying the injustice he had al- ready undergone in having his Avorks long reported as the works of Perugino. If therefore he were the pupil of Perugino, " what Perugino supplied was only the spark," says Speth, " which in Pacchiarotto grew into a tlame." Pacchiarotto has suffered the same misfor- tune that many other excellent masters have under- gone by reason of their omission bj' Vasari. About 1818 the king of Bavaria purchased two beautiful small easel pictures in oil and on wood, now in the Pinakothek at Munich, which are recognised as Pacchiarotto's ex- tant masterpieces. The one represents (S7. Francis cVA s- sisi, with two angels in the background, and the other the Madonna and he?- Child, with four angels in tlie background. They are pronounced two of the best pictures in that rich collection. His works much re- semble those of Pietro Perugino ; at the same time they are more fully developed in form and are of wonderful force of coloring; in expression also many of his heads are admirable. See Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, etc. ; Speth, Kunst in Italien, vol. ii ; Spooner, Biog, Hist, of the Fine Arts, vol. ii, s. v. ; English Cyclop, s. v.