2. The second part of pedagogical science relates to the develo[)ment of a system of education, on the basis of the foregoing history. Its first duty would be, per- haps, to describe the end sought, which must be the cul- tivation of the ethical principle, after which attention must be given to the subject who is to be trained — the pupil; ami, finally, it must indicate the means by which the desired end may be attained. Without entering on the details of modern systems of pedagogics, it may be
said that the result of all recent discussions has been to demonstrate that the general training in schools should not aim at a direct preparation for practical life, but, in its intellectual aspects, should rather seek to lay a broad foundation of general culture ii])on which may after- wards be based the training required fur any particular calling in life; and, further, that the grand object should be the harmonious development of the whole man, par- ticularly in point of character and manlj' independence. This conclusion demonstrates that the victory of the opponents of all religious instruction in secular schools can only be secured at the expense of morality and general culture.
8. The third part of this science has to deal with the relations of education to the constitution of society — in other words, it must treat of the organization of educa- tion and its relation to the other organizations of the country, both secular and ecclesiastical. It would lead us beyond the scope of this work to enter into the de- tails of this branch of the subject. The outline of the discussion, however, is suggested by the above historical review, and many points will be found touched upon in various appropriate articles elsewhere given.
Literatin-e. — On the history of education we mention, besides the works ^already referred to, Mangelsdorf, IVjx einer Darstell, (lessen icas seit Jahrhunderten in Betreff d. Erziehunrjsicesens gesagt u. gethan jvorden ist (Leipsic, 1779) ; Werhof, Polyhistor (Lubeck, 1732) ; Schw-arz, Gesch. d. Erz. n. ihrem Zusammenhanr/e iinier d. Vulkern, von cdlen Zeiten his avf d. neueste (Leips. 1813, 1829) — the first attempt at a complete review of the entire sub- ject; Niemeyer, Ueherhlich d. alln. Gesch. d. Erz. (Halle, 1824, 2d ed.) ; Pustkuchcn-Glanzow, Kiirzrjefasste Gesch, d. Pddogogik (Kinteln, 1830) ; Cramer, Gesch. d. Erz. ii. d. Unterric/its (Elberfeld, 1832, 1838) ; V. Eaumer, Gesch. d. Pddagogih (Stuttgard, 1861, 4 vols.) ; Anhalt, Gesch. d. Erziehungswesens, etc. (Jena, 1846); Wohlfahrt, Gesch. d. gessammten Erz.- xi. Unterrichtsicesens (Quedlinburg and Leipsic, 1853, 1855) ; Schmidt, Gesch. d. Padagogih (2d ed. Kcithen, 1868-70, 4 vols. 8vo) ; Palmer, Evan- gelische Pddagogih (4th ed. Stuttg. 1869, 8vo) ; Baur, Grundziige d. Erziehungslehre (2d ed. Giessen, 1849) ; Stoy, Enci/kl. Methodologie, u. Liferatur d. Pddagogik (Leips, 1861 ) ; Schmidt, Encijkl. d. gesammt. Erziehungs- icesens, etc, (Gotha, 1859, etc, 5 vols. 8vo). (.T. H.W.)
Pcedobaptisni (from Tralc, TraiSnc, a child, and ftuTiTia^oc, baptism^ is applied to the baptism of chil- dren or infants in the Christian Church, or what is pop- ularly termed infant baptism. Under the general sub- ject of baptism, it is that part which relates especially to the proper subjects of baptism. See Baptisji.
I. Historical View of the Introduction and Prevale7ice of Infant Baptism. — The early history of this, as of any other Christian rite, involves, naturalh-and necessarily, two things : the idea expressed in the rite, and the ?-ite itself. Each of these must be traced in its historical connection, since a rite or ordinance is the outgrowth of some idea which it is intended to symbolize. In this instance, the rite is the application of water in a certain way to a child; the idea is a certain relation of chil- dren to the Church, namely, that the children of Chris- tian parents, by virtue of their parentage, are brought into such a relation to the Church that they are regarded as in a certain sense within its membership, i. e. just as there is a visible and invisible Church [see Cnui:cii], so there should be recognised a visible and invisible mem- bership; the former being acquired by actual public admission after profession, the latter being acquired by virtue of the descent, and holding good only until the persons enjoying such a membership reach the age of independent action, when it becomes of non-effect un- less supplemented bv the visible connection. Those en- titled to invisible membership are consequently recog- nised by the Church as fit candidates for baptism, and therefore the rite is administered by the Church when asked for. This historical view of the idea and the rite in the early Church will naturally be taken by two pe-
P^DOBAPTISM
522
PiEDOBAPTISM
riods — the Xew Testament or apostolic period, and the period (if the fathers.
1. The Idea and the Rite in the New Testament. — (a) The religion of the New Testament is historicallj', organically, and spirituallj' connected with the relig- ion of the Old Testament, through the birth, the per- son, the position, the teaching, and the life and death of Christ. Christ was a Jew, "the son of David, the son of Abraham." He came "not to destroy the law or the prophets, l)ut to fultil." Many of the religious ideas which Christ proclaimed and fulHlled have their roots in the Old Testament. The idea which is neces- sarily involved in infant baptism is plainly a promi- nent one in the Old Testament, in this form, that the children of Jewish parents were members of the re- ligious organization of the Jewish people. The whole people, as the seed of Abraham, were a divinelv con- stituted religious organization. The nation felt itself to be a religious organization in covenant with God. This caused what we call Church and State to be one, making a theocracj', in which what corresponds to Church and to State with us actually existed, though in imion. They were "a Church in the form of a nation." It is a historical fact that infant children of Jewish parents were regarded as members of this religious, national organization hy virtue of their par- entage. The conception of the family in the Old Tes- tament brought children within the covenant which God made with Abraham and liis familj', and which was continued with all the families of his descendants, through Isaac and Jacob, when they became a nation. As a sign of this covenant the children were circum- cised.