Pakkuoth. See Gourd.
Pakuda, Bachja ben-Joseph, ibn-, a noted Jew- ish moralist, lived between A.D. 1050 and 1100. Noth- ing is known of his personal history, not even when and where he was born, nor how and where he was edu- cated. But he is distinguished as the author of a work in Arabic, known in Hebrew under the name of nzin ri123^il, The Duties of the Heart, an ethical treatise, written in a kind of poetical prose, but considered as a poem more on account of its sublimity of style and lan- guage than for its actual versification. This work, in which " more stress is laid on internal morality than on mere legality," was translated twice into Hebrew, by Jo- seph Kimchi (q. v.) and by rabbi Jehuda ben-Samuel ibn-Tibbon (q. v.), and afterwards into several other languages, and has found its way into almost every Jew- ish librarj-. In Bachja's system tliere is no poetry, no idealism, no theosophy. He is the lawyer and judge, the practical jurist, to whom man and his happiness, here and hereafter, arc the objects of philosophical spec- idation. He is orthodox without an exception, in theol- ogy as well as in the acknowledgment of the Jewish sources, viz. the Bible and tradition, neither of which he subjects to any criticism. But he adds to these two sources of information a third, viz. reason, which he places at the head, and thus, by means of reason. Script- ure, and tradition, he seeks to demonstrate " that the performance of spiritual duties is not a mere superero- gatory addition to that piety which is manifested in obedience to law, but is the foundation of all laws." As a poet, Bachja is especially famed for a poem on " Self- examination," rTr|?S, or nnrin "I'^IIJ; also called from its initial "''^liSS '^^'IS. generally appended to the editions of the Choboth ha-I^ebaboth, and written in the style of the Arabic Makamim, or rhymes without me- tre. This poem has been translated into Italian by
PAL
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palacp:
Ascaralli and Alatrlni, into German by Sachs and ]\r. E. Stern, and into English by tlie Kev. M. Jastrow in the Jewish Iiukx (Phila. 1872, Oct. and Nov.). Whether Bachja lived before, after, or at the same time witli Ibn- Gebirol (q. v.) is not fully ascertained ; but he never mentions Gebirol or any of his books, which some take as a proof that he lived before Gebirol. See Griitz, Ge- schichte d. Juden, vi, 43 sq. ; Braunschweiger, Geschichte d. Juden in den roinan. Staaten, p. 51 sq. ; Jost, Gcsch. d. Judenth. v. s. Sekteji, ii, 412 sq. ; Flirst, Bibl. Judaica, i, 7G sq. ; De Kossi, Dizionario storico def/li aiilori Ebrei (German transl. bj' Hamburger), p. 54 sq. ; Jcllinek, In- troduction to the Chobot hu-Lebaboth (Leipsic, 1849) ; Stern, Geiin. Transl. of the Chobot ha-Lebaboth, with exeg. annotations (Vienna, 18GG) ; Ueberweg, Bist. of Philosophy, i, 418, 420, 426; Munk, Esquisse historique de la Philosoiihie chez les Juifs; Sachs, ReUrjiuse Poesie der Juden in 6'panien, p. 63 sq., 273 sq. ; Etheridge, In- troduction to Hebr. Literature, p. 247 sq. ; Finn, Sephar- dim, p. 177 ; Lindo, IJist. of the Jeirs in Spain and Por- tugal, p. 61; Da Costa, Israel and the Gentiles, p. 290; Wise, Lecture on Bachja (in The Israelite [Cincinnati], Dec. 1872) ; Zunz, Literaturfjeschichte der sipiar/ogalen Poesie, p. 201: the same, Additamenta ad Catal. codd. Hebr. Bibl. Se?i. civ. (Lips.), p. 318 ; Eisler, Vorlesungen Uber die jiidischen P/iilosojihen des J\Iittelalters (Vien- na, 1876), i, 43 sq. ; but especially Kaufmann, Pie The- oloffie des Bachja ibn-Pahudah (ibid. 1874). (B. P.)
Pal, Krisiinu, the first Christian convert at Seram- pore, in India, forsook the faith of his fathers late in the last century, and became a native Christian minister. He made many converts, lived a devoted Christian life, and died peacefully and triumphantly in Christ. He is principally known to the Christian world as the author of the beautiful hymn beginning " O thou, my soul, for- get no more;" translated by Joshua Marshraan in 1801. (S. S.)
Palace (the rendering in the A. V. usually of *|T0"1X, armun ["(T^"!!!, harmon, Amos iv, 3], a castle, as rendered only in Frov. xviii, 19; and uniformly of <n"l'^3, birah, a citadel, 1 Chron. xxix, 1, 19; so in Ne- hemiah, Ezra, Esther, and Daniel ; but prop, of ^^''tl^ heylial, 1 Kings xxi, 1 ; 2 Kings xx, 18 ; Psa. xlv, 8, 15 ; cxliv,]2; Prov. xxx,28; Isa. xiii,22; xxxix, 7; Dan. i,4;Nah. ii,6; the Chald. >3"'n,%Aa7,Ezraiv, 14; Dan. iv, 4, 29 ; vi, 18, a regal edifice, esp. the temple of Je- hovah, as elsewhere rendered: less prop, of 'J'lSX, aj^- peden, a fortress, Dan. i, 45 ; n"i"^:3, tirdh. Cant, viii, 9 ;
IT.; 3 71^.7 7 77
Ezek. XXV, 4; a castle, as elsewhere chiefij' ; also 'ri'^a, bithdn, a large house, Esth. i, 5; vii, 7, 8; and ri"3, beth, a house, in certain combinations; in the N. T. ai\i], Jlatt. xxvi, 3, 58, 69; Mark xiv, 54, 64; Luke xi, 21 ; John xviii, 15, a court or hull, as elsewhere sometimes rendered; Trpai-wpiov, Phil, i, 13, the p?-(e- torium [q. v.], as rendered in Mark xv, 16), in Script- ure, denotes what is contained witliin the outer enclos- ure of the royal residence, including all the buildings, courts, and gardens (2 Chron. xxxvi, 19 ; comp. Psa. xlviii, 4; cxxii, 7; Prov. ix, 3; xviii, 19; Isa. xxiii, 13 ; XXV, 2 ; Jer. xxii, 14 ; Amos i, 7, 12, 14 ; Nah. ii, 6). In the N. T. the term palace (avXij) is ap|)liod to the residence of a man of rank (Matt, xxvi, 3 ; Mark xiv, 66; Luke xi, 21; John xviii, 15). The specific allu- sions are to the palace built by Herod, which was after- wards occupied by the Roman governors, and was the prajtoriura, or hall, which formed the abode of Pilate when Christ was brought before him (Mark xv, 16) : the other passages above cited, except Luke xi, 21, re- fer to the residence of the high-priest.