Palmegiani, Marco, called Marca da Forli, an Italian painter of much merit, scarcely known fill the researches of Lanzi brought him before the world, was a native of Forli, and the favorite disciple of Francesco Melozzo. He had two manners: the first dry and for- mal, extremely simple in composition, with gilt orna- ments, as was the custom of the quattrocentisti, or ar- tists of the 14th century. In his second his composition is more copious, and of greater proportions, his outline bolder, and he dispensed with the gilded ornaments. He was accustomed to add to his principal subject some others unconnected with it, as in his picture of the Cru- cifxion, in the church of S. Agostino di Forlis, in which
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he inserted two or three groups on different grounds, one of which represents St. Paul visited by St. Antho- nj', and another represents St. Augustine convinced by the angel on the subject of tlie incomprehensibility of the Supreme Triad. Lanzi says that " in these dimin- utive tigures, which he inserted either in the altar- piece or on the steps, he displayed an art extremely refined and pleasing.'' He often enriched his back- grounds with animated landscapes and beautiful archi- tecture. His works are numerous in liomagna, and are to be found in the Venetian states. In the Palazzo Vicentini, at Yicenza, is one of his most beautiful pict- ures, representing a Dead Christ, between Nicodemus and Joseph, He excelled in painting Madonnas and similar subjects. Lanzi says he generally signed his name "Marcus Pictor Foroliviensis," or "Marcus Palma- sanus P. Foroliviensis Pincebat." He seldom adds the date, but there are two pictures in the collection of prince Ercolani dated 1513 and 1537. Vasari calls this artist Pannegiano. Others call him Palmezzano. Zani says he signed his pictures Marcus Palmasanus, Palmi- sanus, or Palmezanus, Foroliviensis, etc. Kugler says there are several pictures by JNIarco Palmezzano in the museum at Berlin. — Spooner, Bioy. Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, 647.
Palmer (Lat. pahni/er, "a palm-bearer"), the name of one of those numerous classes of pilgrims (q. v.) whose origin and history form one of the most interesting stud- ies in the social life of mediaeval Europe. Properly the Palmer designated a pilgrim who had performed the pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and had returned or was returning home after the fulfilment of his vow. Palmers obtained that peculiar name from their custom of carrying branches of the Oriental palm, in token of their accomplished expedition. On arriving at their home they repaired to tlie church to return thanks to God, and offered the palm to the priest, to be placed upon the altar. The palms so offered were fre- quently used in the procession of Palm-Sunday (q. v.). Even after the time of his return the religious charac- ter of the Palmer still continued ; and although his of- fice might be supposed to have ceased with the fulfil- ment of his vow, many Palmers continued their religious peregrinations even in their native country. They thus became a class of itinerant monks, without a fixed resi- dence, professing voluntary poverty, observing celibacy, and visiting at stated times the most remarkable sanc- tuaries of the several countries of the West. Their cos- tume was commonly the same as that of the ordinary' pilgrim, although modified in different countries. — Chambers, Cyclop, s. v.
Palmer, Anthony, an English divine of some note, flourished near the middle of the 17th century. He was educated at Oxford, became fellow of Baliol College, and obtained the living of Bourton, Gloucester- shire. In 16G2 he was ejected for nonconformity. He afterwards had a congregation in London. Palmer died in 1678. He wrote The Gospel New Creature, wherein the Work of the Sjnrit in aicakeninfj the Soul is plainli/ opened [on Psa. xxv, 11, etc.]; to which is annexed. The tempestuous Soul calmed b// Jesus Christ [on Matt, viii, 23-27] (3d ed. Lond. 1743" 8vo).— Darling, Ci/clop. Bibliog. s, v.
Palmer, Benjamin Morgan, D.D., an Ameri- can Presbyterian minister, was born in the city of Phil- adelphia in 1787. After ordination he became pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Beaufort, S, C, and was subsequently connected as co-jtasfor witli the congrega- tion at Circular and Archdale churches in Charleston. He died in 1847. He publislied a number of occasional Sermons (1809-1836), and The Family Companion, etc, (1835), See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, iv, 341-348.
Palmer, Christian David Friedrich von,
a celcljrated German Protestant thoologjau in the de- partment of practical theology, was born Jan. 24. 1811,
at Winnenden, near Stuttgard, in WUrtemberg. He re- ceived his early education at Schonthal, and he then entered the theological school at Tidjingen, attending the lectures of Steudel, Baur, and Schmidt. In 1833 he passed a brilliant examination; in 1836 he was admit- ted as repetent into the Tiibingen Stift; in 1839 he was appointed deacon at Marbach ; in 1843, second deacon at Tiibingen, five years later archdeacon ; and in 1851 dean of the Tiibingen diocese, and minister at Tiibingen. In connection with his ministry, Palmer had also to lecture on pedagogics and national educa- tion, which lectures he continued until his death. In 1852 he was appointed professor in ordinary of homilet- ics, catechetics, morals, and psedagogics, and lectured be- sides on liturgy, the history of ecclesiastical music, and New-Testament exegesis. In 1852 he was honored with the degree of D.D., and ennobled by his monarch. In 1869 he was elected vice-president of the synod, and in 1870 the city of Tiibingen elected him as its representative in the diet. Palmer died May 29, 1875. As to his the- ology, it belonged to the so-called Vermittehingstheolo- ffie, i. e. to that evangelical branch of the Church which, though in a moderate sense conservative, yet favors progress and really represents in Germany the truly liv- ing theology of the age. His works, which have found a large circulation, are, Fvangelische Homiletik (Stuttgard, 1842; 5th ed. \mi) : — Fvangelische Katechetik (ibid. 1844; 5th ed. 18G4) : — Fvangelische Pddagogik (1852; 4th ed. 1869) : — Fvangelische Pastoraltheologie (ibid. 1860; 2d ed. 1863): — Fvangelische Hymnologie (ibid. 1865): — Die 3{oral des Christenthums (ibid. 1864): — Predigten (ibid. 1867) : — Fvangel. Casualreden (4th ed. 1864-1865, 4 vols.): — Geistliches u. Weltliches (ibid, 1873) : — Predigten aus neuerer Zeit (ibid. 1874). Besides these scientific works, he wrote a number of essays and articles for the Jahrbiicher fur deutsche Theologie, of which review he was one of the editors since 1856; for the Encyklopddie fur das gesammte Frziehungs- und Unten-ichtswesen, of which also he was one of the ed- itors since 1859; and for Herzog's Real-Fncyklopddie. The WUrtemberg Landes-Choralbuch, published in 1843, also owes to him a great deal. See Augsburger Allgem, Zeiiung, June 14, 1875; Theologisches Universal-Lexi- kon, s. V. ; Kurtz, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (7th ed. Milan, 1874), ii, 316; Weissilcker, Zur Frinnerung an Dr. Palmer, in the Jahrbiicher fur deutsche The- ologie (1875), p. 353 sq. ; Worte der Frinnerung an Dr. Palmer (Tubing. 1875); Litei'anscher Handweiser fur das katholische Dcutschland (1875), p. 252. (B. P.)