Paschal, antipope of Rome, flourished in the 7th century. lie was early admitted to the service of the Church, and was for some time archdeacon of the Rom- ish Church. During the sickness of i)o|ie Conon, in or- der to take possession of the gold which tiiis pontiff had bequeathed to the clergv and to the monasteries, he wrote to Jean Platys, exarch of Ravenna, and promised him this gold if he would consent to sustain his election to the pontifical throne. The exarch entered into this design, and his officers, the next day after the death of Cimon (Oct. 22, 687), elected Paschal. Another party of the Roman people elected the archpriest Theodore, and took possession of the interior of the palace of Lat- eral!, while the faction of Paschal could only occupy the exterior. In order to put an end to this scandalous struggle, the majority of the clergy, magistrates, and people voted for a priest called Sergius (Dec. 16, 687). Tlieodore submitted; Paschal, on the contrary, resisted, and persuaded tlie exarch to come to Rome with his of- ficers. The latter arrived, but finding Sergius recog- nised by all, he abandoned Paschal to his unhappy fate, requiring of the new pope, in order to confirm his nom- ination, the hundred pounds of gold which had been promised him. Shortly after Paschal, convicted of magic, was deprived of his otHce of archdeacon and im- prisoned in a monastery, where he died impenitent in ()94. See Fleury, Hist. Fccles. bk. xl, ch. xxxix ; Anas- tasius, VitcB Pontificum ; Artaud de Jloutor, Hist, des . souver. Pontifes Rom. vol. i. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog, Gene- rale, xxxix, 270.
Paschal I, a pope of Rome, was born at Rome near the middle of the 8th century. After taking the mo- nastic vows he entered into holy orders, and was for several years abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Stephen at Rome. Pope Leo III elevated him to the cardinalatc, and upon the death of pope Stephen V he ascended the papal throne, Jan. 25, 817, by the choice of both clergy and people, who in their impatience urged him to assume the functions of the office without the imperial sanction, which was then regarded as in- dispensable. Paschal I was wise enough not to assume the responsibility of this step, and by special messenger informed the emperor of the disloyal precipitancy of the people. Of course the imperial forgiveness was thus
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120 PASCHAL CONTROVERSY
easily secured, and the pontiff became a favorite of the emperor. To Paschal the pretended donation by the emperor Louis tlie Pious is said to liave been made. He crowned as emperor Lothaire. son of Louis the Pi- ous, in the year 823, and died the following year. He was succeeded by Eugenius H. Shortly before his death Paschal I was subject to severe censure by the imperial friends for the summary punishment he meted out to two ecclesiastics who were believed to have been impe- rialists, but Paschal's position is justifiable. The pun- ished had been guilty of disloyalty to the pope, and though they were strongly connected with the imperi- alists, this was no reason why the pope should not have punished them if they were treacherous subjects of his. On the re-outbreak of the iconoclastic controversy at Constantinople, Paschal granted an asylum to those Greek priests w ho favored the use of images in churches. He is the author of three letters which are found in the collection of the councils. See Pagi, Breviar. Poniif. Rom. ii, 25 sq. ; Aschbach, Kirchen-Lex. s. v. ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes ; Riddle, Hist, of the Papacy, i, 328 sq. ; Miiman, llist. of Latin Christianity, ii, 519, 529; Baxmann, Gesch. der Politik der Pdpste, i, 331. (J. H.W.)
Paschal II, pope of Rome, was a Tuscan by birth. His family name was Ranieii. He was a native of Bleda, where he was born about the middle of the 11th century. He joined the Order of Clugny, and having been sent to Rome in the interests of his monastery, he was noticed by pope Gregory VH, who made him a cardinal. After Gregory's death and the short pontifi- cate of Urban H, Paschal was elected pope. He refused the dignity, and even concealed himself, but was at last prevailed upon to accept the papal chair in 1099. He prosecuted the great contest of the investitures, begun by Gregory VH, with the emperor Henry IV, against whom lie launched a fresh bull of excommunication. Henry's son and namesake, availing himself of this, re- volted against his father, and, having deposed him, was acknowledged as king of the Germans by the title of Henry V. He then proceeded to Italy with an army, in order to cause himself to be crowned emperor. On the question of the investitures he was as stubborn as his fa- ther. After some conferences between him and the pope's ambassadors. Paschal proposed what appeared to be a reasonable compromise of the matter in dispute. "If the emperor," said he, " contends for his regal rights, let him resume the donations on which those rights are founded, the duchies, margraviates, countships, towns, and manors which his predecessors have bestowed on the Church. Let the Church retain only its tithes and the donations which it has received from private boun- ty. If Hcnrv renounces the right of investiture, the Church shall restore all it has received from secular princes since the time of Charlemagne" (Pagi, Vita Pas- chalis II ; Fleury, Hist. Eccles.). This proposal went to the root of tlie evil, and Paschal was probably sin- cere in making it: but the bishops, and especially the German bishops, who were possessed of large fiefs, strongly protested against it. In the mean time Henry • arrived at Rome to be crowned, in 1110. He kissed the pope's feet according to custom, and entered hand in hand with him into the church of the Vatican ; but here an explanation took place concerning the compro- mise, the result of which was that the treaty was broken off, and Paschal refused to consecrate the emperor. The particulars have been differently viewed by the Church writers. Some say that Paschal could not fulfil his jiroposcd renunciation of the temporalities of the Church owing to the opposition of the bishops; others say that Henry would not give up the right of investi- ture, because his councillors, and among the rest several German bishops who were al)out his person, unwilling to risk their domains and revenues, persuaded him not to renounce what they represented as an essential part of the imperial prerogatives and of the splendor of the imperial dignity. After repeated messages between the