At a later period more formal works began to ap- pear, of which the following are the principal, as pub- lished in the English language, arranged in chronolog- ical order: Herbert, A Priest to the Temple, or the Country Pai-sorts Character and Rule of Holy Life (1C32); Bowles, Pastor Evanyelicus (1049); Baxter, Gildas Sulviamis, or the R formed Pastor (1656) ; Bp. Edward Stillingfleet, Duties and Rights of the Parochial Clergy (1689) : Bp. Gilbert Burnet, A Discourse of the Pastoral Care (1692) ; Edwards, The Preacher and the Hearer (1705-9, 3 vols.) ; Watts, A n Exhortation to Min- isters (1728); Mason, The Student and Pastor (1755); Fletcher of Madeley, The Portrait of St. Paul (1786) ; Eades, The Gospel Ministry (1787) ; Orton, Letters to a Young Clergyman (1791) ; Smith, Lectures on the Sacred Office (1798) ; Gerard, Pastoral Care (1799) ; Erskine, Sermons on the Pastoral Character and Office (1800) ; Bji. Thomas Coke, Discourses on the Duties of a Minis- ter oftlie Gospel (1810) ; Campbell, Lectures on the Pas- toral Character (1811); Brown, Christian Pastor'' s Man- ual (Edinb. 1826, 12mo); Edmondson, The Christian Ministry (1828) ; Jerram, The Christian Minister (1829) ; Adam Clarke, Letter to a Preacher (1830); Bp. R. Jlant, The Clergyman's Obligations (1830) ; Morrison, The Christian Pastor (1832) ; Thompson, Pastoralia (1832); J. D. Coleridge, Practical Advice to the Young Parish Priest (183-1) ; Dale, The Young Pastor's Guide (1835); Barrett, Essay on the Pastoral Offiice (1839); Pike, The Christian Ministry (1839); Simpson, Clergy- man's Manual (1842); Henderson, Pastoral Vigilance (1843) ; Pond, The Young Pastor's Guide (1844) ; Bridges, The Christian Ministry (1844); Humphrey, Letters to a Son in the Ministry (1845) ; Leifchild, Counsels to a Young Minister (1846) ; Sa^vbridge, Manual for the Par- ish Priest (1846); Bp. Meade, Lectures on the Pastoral Office (1849) ; John Angell James, An Earnest Minist7-y (1849); Wallace, A Guide to the Christian Minist?-y (1849) ; Cannon, Lectures on Pasto?-al Theology (1853) ; J. J. Blunt, Obligations and Duties of the Parish Priest (1856) ; Oxenden, The Pastoral Office (18.59); Archbp. Whateley, The Parish Pastor (1860) ; Way land, Letters on the Ministry of the Gospel (1863) ; Burgon, The Pas- toral Office (1864) ; J. H. Blunt, Directorium Pastorale (1865); Hoppin, Office and Work of the Christian Min- istry (1809); Kidder, The Christian Pastorate (1871); Tyng, The Office and Duty of a Christian Pastor (1874) ; Plumer, Hints and Helps in Pastoral Theology (1874).
Protestant French writers on this subject have not been numerous. Those whose works are best known are Ostervald (1781) and Vinet (1850); but the most important is Matter, Le Ministh-e ecclesiastique et sa Mission speciale dans ce si'ecle (Paris. 1852). (D. P. K.)
We append the leading modern German writers on pastoral theology. The stagnation of Protestant life in the 10th and 17th centuries prevented a lively activity in this line of theological thought. One of the most important productions of this period is Valentin An- drea's Das gute Leben eines rechtschaffenen Dieners Gottes (Hamb. 1619), and his Pai'ancsis ad ecclesi(e ministros. In Spener's day pastoral theology first came to reassert its sway as in the period of the Reformation. His De-
siderien it. BedenJcen opens the list. It was succeeded by Hartmann's T'astorale evangelicura (1678), which di- vides the whole material into four rubrics: (1) De pas- toris persoim ; (2) vita; (3) sparta ; (A) fortuna ; and was brought out in enlarged form by Francke, who in 1723 himself published Idea studiosi theologice et monita pastoi'alia theologica. Other important contributions of this period are: Quenstedt's Ethica pasto7-alis ; May- er's Museum ministri ecclesim (1690) ; Kortholt's Pastor f delis (1090); Deyling, Lnstitutiones (1734); Fecht, /«- structio pastoralis (1717); IMieg's Meletemata saci'a de officio pastoris, etc. (Frankf. 1747) ; Baumgarten-Cru- sius, Casuistische Past.-Theol. (2d ed. by Hasselberg, 1752) ; Jakobi, Beitrdge (2d ed. 1768). The orthodox and pietistic theologians vied with each other to give prominence to the pastoral ofHce, and however great the chasm between Gottfried Arnold and an orthodox Lu- theran pastor, in the Geistliche Gestalt eines evangelischen Lehrers (1723), as the former depicted it, the latter was obliged — in so far as it concerned only the pastoral and not the dogmatical and liturgical — to recognise its ser- vices to Christian truth. Quite a different atmosphere greets us in the works of the rationalistic period, even when the authors have not exchanged tl^ evangelical fundamental principles for the current and popiilar nc- olog3\ Of the latter, Peter Miller's Anleit. zur u-eisen u. geivissenhaften Veru-altung (1777) is an interesting ex- ample. The pastors of this period saw their avocation principally in pitblic enlightenment, as seen in Nikolai's Sebaldus Nothunker (1773); Achalius Nitzsch's Amcei- sung zur Pastoralklugheit (1791). But a better and higher view of the office was taken by Spalding, Nutz- barkeit des Predigtamtes (1772); Seller, Grundsatze zur Bildung kihf tiger Volkslehrer (1783), and especially Ro- senmliller, Anleit. f angehende Geistliche (1792), and Niemeyer, Ilandbuch f. christl. Religionslehrer (1790); also Oemler, Repertoriuni (1796-1800). Still higher ground is taken by Griiffe, Die Past.-Theol. in ihrem ganzen Umfange (1803) ; Schwarz, Der christl. Religions- lehrer (1800); Kaiser, System, der Past.-Theol. (1816); Hiiftell, Wesen u. Beruf des evangel. Geistlichen (1822, and often) ; Haas, Wissensch. Darstellung des geistl. Benfes (1834). Herder was the first to recognise in the minister the priest and prophet, and not simply the useful servant of the public (see his Briefe li. das Stu- dium der Theologie), But it took fifty j-ears before Herder's ideas were appreciated. The first to so treat the pastor was Harms, Past.-Theol. (1830-31), and he may be denominated the father of the modern German idea of the pastoral office. Excellent and more recent productions are Lobe's Evangel. Geistlich. (1852, etc.) ; Nitzsch, Praktische Theologie, vol. iii, pt. i ; also under the special title. Die eigenthiimliche Seelenpjlege des evan- gel. Uirtenamtes (Bonn, 1857) ; Zimmermann, Des A mtes Wiirde u. Biirrk (Zurich, 1859) ; Palmer, Evangel. Pas- toral-Theol. (Stuttg. 1860 ; 2d ed. 1803). There are be- sides some periodicals devoted specially to this subject, as Yilmar u. Miiller, Pastoraltheol. Blatter, since 1801. To the pastoral-theology literature of Germany belong also some biographical works: the life of Oberlin. Hof- acker, Flattich, etc. Burk's Past.-Theol. in Beispielen (1838), and his Spiegel edler Pfarrfrauen (1842), bring together rich biographical matter under the rubrics of pastoral theology. What has been done for certain de- partments of pastoral theology we have not space to enumerate here. Yet reference might be made to Kiindig, Erfahrungen am Kranken- u. Sterbebette (1856 ; 2d ed. 1859) ; Hasc, Gesch. der christl. Krankenpiflege (1857) ; also Wyss, Ettnas voni Kern v. Stoff der Seel- sorge (Basle, 1858) ; Beck, Das christl. Leben u. geistl. Amt (1859). The Roman Catholic Church possesses in the works of Powandra, Liipschitz, Hinterberger, and especially Sailer's Past.-Theol. (1788, 1820, 1835), and in the more recent productions by Vogl and Am- berger, most important works. A critique of pastoral- theology literature from a scientific standpoint hao been furnished by Graf in his Krit. Darstellung, vol. i