Seventy years later, in the time of Philip V, this spasm of fanaticism was repeated. This rising, which was al- most identical in character with that already described, took place under the pretence of a crusade, though under a very different king. Again the leader was a priest and monk who claimed supernatural gifts; again the disciples were found among the miserable peasants. The insur- rection, perhaps more extended in scope, meeting with no encouragement, was loss terrible in result. These enthusiasts commenced their career as mere mendicants.
PASTURE
(59
PATAGONIA
and it -was not until nianj' of them had been hanged that, in self-defence, they displayed any violence. It was with this object that the large body which reached Paris in the spring of A.D. 1320 commenced hostilities. Encamping in the Pre-aux-Clercs, they claimed the re- lease of their imprisoned brothers, and, in default, they forced the prison of St. Martin, St. Germain, and the Chatalet, and set at liberty the inmates. Having suc- ceeded in this rescue, they set off southward. This time they ajipear to have passed by the great cities of Cen- tral France ; about 40.000 entered Languedoc and com- menced a massacre of tlie Jews. At Verdun, on the Garonne, a royal castle, whither the Jews had fled for protection, a frightful butchery took place. At Auch, Gimont, Castel Sarrasin, Toulouse, and Gaillac similar cruelties were perpetrated. They then hurried to Av- ignon, but failed to enlist the sympathies of the pope. John XXII excommunicated them, alleging as the ground of this measure that they had taken the cross without papal authority. Further, he invoked the civil power, and found the seneschal of Carcassonne only too obedient. By his orders all the roads in the district were rendered impassable, and all the supplies of provi- sions stopped. Thus hemmed in on all sides in a mala- rious and barren country, the greater part of the Pas- toureaux perished of famine and disease, and the sur- vivors were put to death. So suddenly began and ended these two outbreaks of religious Jacquerie. The orig- inal authorities as to the early fanatics are Matthew Paris and William of Nangis, of the latter, the Continn- ator Nanf/ii. Of modern accounts, the most valuable are, Sismondi's History of France, vol. vii and ix ; Du- cange, s. V. Pastorelli ; Milman, Hisi. of Latin Christian- ily, vi, 57-G3 ; vii, 04 sq. ; Blunt, Diet. Ilist. Theol. s. v.
Pasture (prop, nrnti or n1^"^^, from n:^"i, to
feed, vof.tli). In the first period of their history the Hebrews led an unsettled pastoral life, such as we still find among many Oriental tribes. One great object of the jMosaical polity was to turn them from this condi- tion into that of lixcd cultivators of the soil. Pastu- rage was, however, only discouraged as a pursuit un- friendly to settled habits and institutions, and not as connected with agriculture. Hence, although in later times the principal attention of the Hebrews was given to agriculture, the tending of sheep and cattle was not at any time neglected. See Cattle.
The shepherds who move about with their flocks from one pasture-ground to another, according to the demands of the season, the state of the herbage, and the supply of water, are called nomads — that is, not merely shepherds, but wandering shepheixls. They feed their flocks on the ''commons," or the deserts and wil- dernesses, which no settled or cultivating people have appropriated. At tirst no pastoral tribe can have any particular property in such tracts of ground in pref- erence to another tribe; but in the end a particular tract becomes appropriated to some one tribe, or section of a tribe, either from long occupation, or from digging wells therein. According to the ideas of the East, the digging of a well is so meritorious an act that he who performs it acquires a property in the waste lands around. In the time of the patriarchs Palestine was but thinly peopled by the Canaanites, and offered many such tracts of unappropriated grounds tit for pasturage. In these they fed their flocks, without establishing any exclusive claims to the soil, until they proceeded to dig wells, which, being considered as an act of appropria- tion, was opposed by some of the inhabitants ((ien. xxi, 25, 2G). After the conquest of Canaan, those Israelites who possessed large flocks and herds sent them out, un- der the care of shepherds, into the " wildernesses," or commons, of the east and south, where there are rich and juicy pasturages during the moist seasons of the year (I Sam. xvii, 28; xxv, 4-15; 1 Chron. xxvii, 29- 31 ; Isa. Ixv, 10; Jer. 1, 39). The nomads occupy, suc- cessively, the same stations in the deserts every year.
In summer, when the plains are parched with drought, and every green herb is dried up, they proceed north- wards, or into the mountains, or to the banks of rivers; and in winter and spring, when the rains have reclothed the plains with verdure, and filled the watercourses, they return. When these pastors remove, they strike their tents, pack them up, and convey them on camels to the next station. Nearly all the pastoral usages were the same anciently as now. The sheep were con- stantly kept in the open air, and guarded by hired ser- vants, and by the sons and daughters of the owners. Even the daughters of emirs, or chiefs, did not disdain to tend the sheep (Gen. xxiv, 17-20; xxix, 9; Exod. ii, IG). The principal shepherd was responsible for the sheep intrusted to his care, and if any were lost he had to make them good, except in certain cases (Gen. xxxi, 39 ; Exod. xxii, 12 ; Amos iii, 12). Their services were often paid by a certain proportion of the young of the flock (Gen. xxx, 30). On the more dangerous stations towers were erected, from which the approach of ene- mies might be discovered. These were called the Tow- ers of the Flock (Gen. xxv, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxvi, 10 ; Mi- cah iv, 8). — Kitto, See Shepherd,