Brandenburg, St. John Baptist.
Brunswick, &t. Andrew.
Burgundy, SS. Andrew and Mary.
Denmarlc, SS. Anscharius and Canute.
England, SS. George aud Mary.
Flanders, St. Peter.
France, SS. Mary, Michael, aud Denis.
Germany, SS. Martin, Boniface, and George.
Hanover, St. Mary.
Holland, St, Mary.
Holstein, St. Andrew.
Hungary, SS. Mary and Louis.
Irehiiid, St. Patricli.
Italy, St. Anthony.
Leon, SS. Isidore, Pelagius, Rarairo, and Claude.
Luxemburg, SS. Peter, Philip, and Andrew.
Meclvlenbiirg, St. John the Evangelist.
Naples, St. Januarius.
Navarre, SS. Fermin and Xavier.
Norway, SS. Anscharius and Olaus.
Oldenburg, St. Mary.
Parma, SS. Hilary, John Baptist, Thomas, and Vitglis.
Poland, SS. Stanislaus and Hederiga.
Pomerania, SS. Mary and Otho.
Portugal, SS. Sebastian, James, and George.
Prussia, SS. Mary, Adalbert, and Andrew.
Russia, SS. Nicholas, Andrew, Wladimir, aud Mary.
Sardinia, St. Mary.
Savoy, St. Maurice.
Scotland, St. Andrew.
Sicily, SS. ^lary, Vitus, Rosalie, and George.
Spain, SS. James the Great, Michael, Thomas a Becket, and Edward.
Suabia, St. Grortrc.
Sweden, SS. iSriilixet, Eric, Anscharius, and John.
Switzerland, SS. Martin, Gall, and Mary.
Venice, SS. IM.irk, Justina, and Theodore.
Wales, St. David.
Many cities and towns bear the name of their patron saint, to wl;om the principal church is dedicated, as St. Kemo, St. Sebastian, St. Malo, St. Onicr, St. Quen- tin, St. Die, Peterljorough, Bury St. Edmund's, St. David's, St. Asaph, St. Alban's, Boston (St. Botolph's town), Kirciidl)right (St. Cuthbert's Churcli), Malmcs- burj' (Maidulph's town), St. Neot's, St. Ive's, St. Bu- reau's, St. German's, St. ^larychurch, St. Andrew's. Others have special saints : St. Fredeswide, of Ox- ford ; St. Sebald, of Nuremberg ; St. Giles, of Edin-
burgh ; SS. Peter and Paul, of Rome ; St. Mark, of Venice ; St. Stephen, of Vienna ; St. Genevieve, of Paris ; St. Januarius, of Naples ; St. Nicholas, of Aberdeen; St. Gudule, of Brussels; St. Norbert, of Antwerp ; St. George, of Genoa ; St. Ursula, of Co- logne ; St. Bavon, of Ghent; St. Ambrose, of Milan; St. Vincent, of Lisbon ; St. Boniface, of Mentz ; St. Domatian, of Bre ; St. Komuold, of Mechlin, etc.
The term patron has also been applied to those who endowed or supported churches and convents. See Patronage, Ecclesiastical. (J. H. W.)
Patronage, Ecclesiastical, is a term for the right of presenting a fit person to a vacant ecclesiastical ben- efice. See Patron. In the early period of Christian- ity's successes the countries where the new religion had been adopted were parcelled out into large districts or dioceses, under the superintendence of a bishop, who usually resided in the neighborliood of one of the re- ligious houses. Within such district the bishop had the nomination of the priests, who supplied religious instruction to the people. The priests were paid out of the episcopal treasury, and travelled about in the exercise of their duties, having their residence with the bishop, and forming that episcopi cUi'us which con- stituted the notion of cathedral churches and monas- teries in their simplest form. Occasionally a bishop endowed a church in his diocese, and attached a priest permanently to it ; and in Gaul, in the 5th century, a bishop who founded a church in a neighboring diocese was allowed to appoint an incumbent of his choice. As Christianity became more universal, and the popu- lation increased, the means of worship supplied hj the bishoprics, the monasteries, and occasional episcopally endowed churches, became inadequate for the demands of the people, and the proprietors of lands began to build and endow churches in their own possessions. In such cases the chaplain or priest was not paid by the bishop, but was allowed to receive for his maintenance, and for the use of his church, the whole or a part of the profits of the lands with which the founder had endowed it, and the offerings of those who frequented the church for worship. A district was defined by the founder, within whicli the functions of the officiating priest were to be exercised ; and both the burden and the advantages of his ministry were limited to the in- habitants of that district. As these pious foundations tended both to the advancement of religion and to the relief of the episcopal treasury, thej' were encouraged by the bishops, who readily consecrated the churches thus established, and consented that the incumbent should be resident at the church, and receive the tithes and offerings of the inhabitants and what endowment the founder had annexed to the church. Eventually it came also to be stipulated with the bishop that the founder and his heirs should have a share in the ad- ministration of the property, and have the right to nominate a person in holy orders to be the officiating minister whenever a vacancy occurred. It also be- came a not unusual arrangement that when owners of estates rebuilt such churches as were dependent on the cathedral, or undertook to pay the incumbent, to the relief of the cathedral, the right of presentation was transferred from the bishop to these persons, who thenceforward stood in the same relation to these churches as if they had been the original founders. Out of these private endowments arose the parochial divisions of a later time, which thus owe their origin rather to accidental and private dotation than to any legislative scheme for the ecclesiastical subdivision of the country. The bounds of a parish (q. v.) were at first generally commensurate with those of a manor, and the lord of the manor was the hereditary patron. The person enjoying the privileges of a founder was c-dWeCi. jKitronus and advocatus. He had a pre-eminent seat and a burial-place in the church ; he enjoyed a precedence among the clergy in processions ; his name and arms were engraved on the church aud on the