passage is miserably translated by Dion. Petavius (as are many other i)assages in Epiphauius) thus: 'Sed solum, inquit Paulus, adveuieus verlium, totum illud administra- vit, et ad patrem revertit.' The true meaning of the pas- sage is: The divine Reason came (to the man Christ, long after his birth, aud when iu mature life), and solely (with-
PAUL
830
PAUL
ont any commniiity of action with the hnman nature) oper- ated, in. Ill III. (I ml ((/tcnrards retiirncd fcfTW"(Mo8heiin, llix- tuiij of C/irintiaiiilj/ ill the First Three CenttirieK, ii, 2'2S sq.).
The writers on the histor}' of doctrines vary in their opinions respecting the relation in which I'aul of Sa- niosata stands, whether to Sabellianism or to the Uni- tarianism of th,? Arteraonites (see Euseb. v, 28, ab init.) ; conip. Schleiennachcr, p. 38!) sq. ; Baunigarten-Cru- sius, i, 204 ; Augiisti, p. 59 ; Jleier, Dogmengesch. p. 74, 75; Dorner, p. 510). The difference between Sabellius and Paul may be said to have consisted in this, that the former thought that the whole substance of the divine Being, the latter that onlj' one single divine power had manifested itself in Christ. Trechsel (Jkschichte (lis Antitrinituiismus, i, 81) agrees with this, calling Samosatianism " the correlate of Sabel- lianism, according to the measures of the mere under- standing." The divine here conies onlj- into an ex- ternal contact with man, touches human nature only on the surface ; while, on the other hand, the human element comes to its rights more than in the system of Sabellius. Dionysius of Alexandria, as we have seen, was the first to write against Paul, and after- wards assembled some councils against him at Anti- och, about 261. In the last of these councils, which appears to have met in the year 269, one Malcliion, a rhetorician, an acute and eloquent man, so skilfully drew Paul out of the subterfuges in which he had be- fore lurked that his error became manifest to all. As be would not renounce his error, he was divested of the episcopal office, and excluded from the communion by common suffrage. Tills decision Paul resisted ; and relying perhaps on the patronage of queen Zeno- bia. and on the favor of the people, he refused to give up the house in which the bishop resided, and in which the Church was accustomed to assemble. But when Zenoliia was conquered b}' the emperor Aurelian, in the year 272, and the contest was taken befoi'e the cmp3ror, the case was referred for arliitrament to the Romish and Italian bishops, who decided against Paul. It is probable that Paul, notwithstanding his deposi- tion, continued to preach and to propagate his opinions. Nothing subsequent, however, is known of him. His followers, and he had many, formed themselves into a sect, and flourished under the name oi Pcudians (ji. v.), or Paulianists, for some time after.
Paul does not seem to have written much. The ten questions and propositions extant under his name, and addressed, according to the existing title, to Dionysius of Alexandria, have been noticed. A Greek MS. work, ascribed by some to John of Damascus, contains a fragment of a work bj' Paul, entitled Oi TT-pug 2r(/j{- oi'uj' Xuyoi {Ad Sahianum Libri), and some fragments of this are cited in the Concilia (iii, 388, ed. Labbe). Vincentius Lirinensis, in his Commonilorium, states that the writings of Paul abounded in quotations from the Scriptures both of the O. T. and the N. T. To in- troduce his Christology into the mind of the people, he undertook to alter the Church h3'mns, but was shrewd enough to accommodate himself to the orthodox for- mulas, calling Christ, for example, " God of the Vir- gin" (^tof iK TTnpjii'oi'), and ascribing to him even homoousia with the Father, but of course in his own sense. See, besides the authorities alreadj' referred to, Eusebius, Hint. Eccles. vii, 27-80 ; Mansi, Coll. Cone. i, 1033 sq., especially Epistol. Episcopar. ad Paul, v, 393; Epiphanius, Hist. Eccles. 65, 1; Maji, Nov. Col- lect, vii, 1, p. 08, 299 sq. ; Fragments in Leont. Bj'z. Contr. Xestor. et Entijch. iii; Ehrlich, Diss rtiitio de Errorih. Pauli Samos. (Leips. 1745, 4to), p. 23; Fuerlin, 7>e Iheres. Pauli Samos. ((Jotting. 1741, 4to) ; Schwab, De Pauli Samos. vita alq. Doctr. (Ilcrbip. 1839); Cave, /list. Litter, ad ann. 260, i, 135 ; Le (Juien, Oriens Christinnus, i, 705 ; Tillemont, Memoires, iv, 289 sq. ; Jfeander, Ch. Hist, ii, 209 sq. ; id. Diogenus, i, 109, 206; Schaff, Ck. [list, i, 289 sq. ; Pressense, The Earhj Yeirs of Christianity (^Heresy and Christian Doctrine),
p. 131 sq. ; Baur, Dreieimgkeitslehre, i, 293-335; Ha- genbach, Histori/ oj' Doctrines, vol. i ; and his Erste drei Jdhrh. etc., vol. xvi; Hefele, Concili^ngesck. i, 109 sq., 225, 411, 507 ; Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Mythol. iii, 149 sq.
Paul THE SiLENTiARY, a Christian poet of the 5th century, was of a noble family, the son of Cyrus and grandson of Floras, and possessed of great wealtii. He held in the palace of Justinian the office of chief of the Silentiarii, a class of persons who had the care of the emperor's palace. Wlien the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople was rebuilt by Justinian in 562, Paul wrote a description (or tK(pf)a<Tic) of the edifice, in 1026 Greek hexameters, with a procemium consisting of 134 iambic verses. It is evident from this poem that he was a Christian. The work was edited, with notes and a Latin translation, by Ducange (Paris, 1670) ; the text, edited by Becker, is contained in the Bonn edition of the "Byzantine Historians" (1837), with a second part, consisting of 275 hexameters and a prooemium of 29 iambics, not included in the edition of Ducange. Paul was also the author of a poem entitled Ei'f ru iv Ylv^ioiQ ^ipua, and of several epigrams, which are in- cluded in the Greek Anthology. See Fabricius, Blb- liotheca Gi-ceca (ed. Harles), iv, 487 ; vii, 581 ; Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Mythol. iii, 151 (18); Darling, Cyclop. Bibliog. vol. ii, s. v.