Paul IV, pope of Rome, was the descendant of a noble Neapolitan family named Caraffa, and was born in Naples in 1476. His early career was distinguished for ascetic rigor. In 1507 he was appointed bishop of Cliieti, in which see he labored most earnestly for the reformation of abuses, and for the revival of religion and morality. With this view he established, in con- junction with several congenial reformers, the congre- gation of secular clergy called Theatines (q. v.), and was himself the first superior. He was made cardinal in 1506, and organized the tribunal of the Inquisition in Rome. On the death of Marcellus II in 1555, al-
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though in his seventy-ninth j'ear, he was elected to succeed. He entered upon the wider career which his new position opened for him witli all the ardor of a vounijj man, and with all the stern enthusiasm which had characterized him during life. He was remarkably large and lean, walked with a hurried step, and seemed to be all sinew. As he had never contined himself hitherto in his daily habits to any precise rules — he would often sleep during the day and study at night — so he ever followed in other matters tlie impulses of the moment. But these were swayed by opinions formed in the course of a long life, and which had now become a second nature. He seemed to know no other duty and no other business than the restoration of the old faith to its former domination. He enforced vigorously upon the clerg}' the observance of all the clerical duties, established a censorship, and completed the organization of the Roman Inquisition. But while he was thus intent upon strengthening the papal hie- larchy, he also manifested good qualities of head and heart. Thus, e. g., he took measures for the alleviation of the burdens of the poorer classes, and for the better administration of justice, not sparing even hjs own nephews, whom he banished from IJome on account of their corrupt conduct and profligate life. His foreign relations involved him in much perplexity. He was embroiled with the emperor Ferdinand, with Philip II of Spain, and with Cosmo, grand-duke of Tuscany. Having condemned the principles of the Peace of Augsburg, he protested against its provisions. Under the weight of so many cares his old age gave way. He died Aug. 18, 1559. As soon as the news of his death became known to the people of Rome, the}* rose in insurrection, ran to the prison of the Incjuisition, wounded a Dominican monk who acted as commissary, delivered all the prisoners, and burned the papers. They then threw down the statue of tlie pope, crying out, "Death to the Caraffas!" The tumult lasted several daj's, after which the conclave elected as new pope Pius IV (q. v.). Paul IV wrote, Tractat. de sym- bolo. de etnendanda ecc'esia ad Pauhnn III^ regulas Theatinorum : — Tractni. de eccksia Vaticana et ejus sa- cerdotimi principaiu de qnadrarjesimal . ohservaniia : — Pa- roenes ad Bernardum Ockium: — Notre in A ristotelis Eihi- cam : — Pitbi'ic.Jidei profess : — Orafiones et Epistolm. See Caraccioli, Collectanea hist, de Vila PcndilV (Co\. 1612, 4to) ; Magi, Disquhit. hist, de Pcndi IV iiiculpata vita (Neap. 1(572); Bromato, Vita di Paolo IV (Ravenna, 1748, 2 vols. 8vo); Ranke, Hist, of the Papacy, i, 207, 234; Ffoulkes, Divisions of Christendom, vol. i, § C7 ; Bower, IliM. of the Popes, vol. vii ; Riddle, Hist, of the Papacy, vol. ii ; Schrockh, Kirchevgesch. seit der Ee- formation, iii, 148 sq., 249 sq., 258 sq. ; Hiiusser, Refor- mationsgesch. (1868) p. 296 sq. ; Robertson, Hist, of Charles V. bk. xi and xii ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen- Lexikon (Rom. Cath.), viii, 231, 232. (.1. H. W.)
Paul V, a noted pope of Rome, was originally named Camillo Borghese. He was born at Rome in 1552. In his early life he was a distinguished canon- ist and theologian ; and, after the ordinary prelatical career at Rome, he rose first to the post of nuncio at the Spanish court, and afterwards to the cardinalate in 1596 under Clement VIII. On the death of Leo XI in 1605, cardinal Borghese was elected to succeed him. His pontificate is rendered memorable b}' the concern to maintain its pretensions in Italy in all their in- tegrit}'. Thus he was involved in the celebrated con- flict with the republic of Venice, into which he was plunged at the very outset of his career. The origi- nal ground of dispute was the question of immunity from the jurisdiction of civil tribunals conceded to the clergy, who claimed to be tried by ecclesiastical tribu- nals alone. This claim the senate resisted ; and fur- ther causes of disjnite were added bj' a mortmain law, and a law prohibiting the establishment of new relig- ious orders or associations unless with the sanction of the senate. Each party remaining inflexible in its
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