Into the details of these various objections — critical, historical, scientific, and moral — this article will not farther enter, parth' from considerations of space, part- ly l)ecausc many of them will be found treated in other articles of this C/jcbpcedia. The student is referred, for their more formal refutation, to the almost volu- minous literature which the controversy of the last few years has called into existence. "With reference to the special form they have assumed in the Critical Examination of the Pentateuch, by Dr. Colenso, bishop of Natal, every information will be found in recent publications. The general questions of scholarship will be found ably handled in the ExamimUiun of Dr. Co- lenso's work, issued bj' the late lamented Dr. M'Caul. Reference may also be usefullj' made to Colenso's De- fections Examirted {Lond. 18G3), by Dr. Benisch, a Jew- ish doctor. For the numerical calculations, the stu- dent should refer to the Exodus of Israel (Lond.1863), by Rev. P. R. Birks, in which they are submitted to a searching examination. For questions of topography, a smaller work, entitled The Pentateuch and the GosjkU (Lond. 1805), by Prof. Porter, of Belfast, thj well- known author of Five Years in D.unascus, Murray's llant-hookef Syria, etc., will be found full of valuable information.
V. Liti-rature. — Some of this lias been cited above ; and much of the remainder is contained in general in- troductions or commentaiips on the whole of the O. T., or on the several books of Moses. We mention here only the critical and exegetical works on the whole Pentateuch separately. De Banolas, '^^"2 (Mantua, 1-17G-80, fol., and later) ; Aben-Ezra, '^'d^n '^SS (Na- ples, 1488, fol., and often later in various forms and combinations); Fostat \Y\.C~\, Comment arhis \\n<Am\. other books] (Ilisp. 1491, etc., 4to) ; Sal. Jizchaki (Rashi), niintl 'i"""'3 (Salonica, 1515, fol., and verj' often since [last ed. Berlin, 1867] ; in Latin, by Broit-
PENTATEUCH
923
PENTATEUCH
haupt, Gotha, 1713, 4to ; in German, by Haymann, Bonn, 18o3, 8vo ; by Dukes, Prague, 1838, 8vo) ; Bechor-Schor, UinS (Constant. 1520, fol.) ; Aboab, ;i'!l13 (ibid. 1525, 4to ; Ven. 1548 ; Cracow, 1587 ; Wilmenci. 1713, fol.); D'lUescas, D^'b -in-CX (Con- stant. 1510, 4to, and since); Achai, mB5X"J ISO (ed. Cliaifi, Ven. 1546; ed. Berlin, Dj'ckerfurt, 1786, fol.); Jehudah ben-Isaac, "?"'^?!' B"'1w'^" (ed. Jechiel ben -Jfkuthiel, Venice, 1547, 4to) ; Oleaster [R. C], Commeiilarius (Olyssop. 1556, etc., fol.) ; Elijah of JIantua, C^2^^ "IIX (Cremona, 1557, 8vo) ; Bresch, UJ^m (ibid. 1560, fol., and later); Ferus [R. C], Enurrationes (Colon. 1572^, 2 vols. 8vo); Abrabanel, nninn d-IS (Ven. 1579, I6O4, fol. ; ed. Van Bas- hiu'sen, Hanau, 1710, fol. ; also Amst. 1768-71, 4 vols. 4to); Arvivo, ^X niT^iiniPl (Salonica, 1583, fol.); Galesinus [R. C], Commentarius (Rom. 1587, 4to) ; Alscheicli, Hw'a riTin (Constant. 159-, fol., and often later) ; Chj'traius, Enurrationes (Vitemb. 1590, fol. ; also in 0pp. i) ; Capponus [R. C], Commentarius (Ven. 1590, fol.); Junius, Explicationes (L. B. 1594, 1602; Genev. 1609, 5 vols. 4to) ; Marbach, Ilypomnemata (Argent. 1597, 2 vols. 4to) ; Pelargus, Commentaria (Lips. 1598-1609, 5 vols. 4to); Aretius, Commentarii (Bern. 1602, 1011, 8vo) ; JIos. Albelda, nr-a d^i'^ (Ven. 1603, fol.) ; Abigdors, d^l^^Q (Cracow, 1604^ 4to) ; Heerbrand, Coinmxntarius (Tubing. 1609, fol.) ; Ainsworth, A nnotations [includ. Psa. and Cant.] (Lond. 1612-23, 6 vols. 4to, and later ; also in Dutch, Leo- ward. 1690, fol.) ; Leyser, Di'ri Ci^ 1X3 (Venice, 1614; Frankfort -on -the -Main, 1707, foi.j; Schick, pn:j^ T'J^^) (Prague, 1615, 4to) ; A Lapide, In Pen- tateuchum (Antw. 1616, 4to) ; Drusius, Commentarius [on difficult passages] (Franeck. 1617, 4to) ; Marius [R. C], Cominentariiis (Colon. 1621, fol); Bonfrere [R. C], Commentarius (Antw. 1625, fol.) ; Cromni [R. C.],Illustrationes (Lovan. 1629, 1630, 2 vols. 4to) ; Alstedt, Adnotationes (Herb. 1631, 1640, 8vo) ; Jan- senius [R. C], Commentarius (Lovan. 1639, 1641, 1644 ; Par. 1649, 1601, 4to); Heilpron, "'T'li rnnx (Loblin, 1639, fol.); Polno, ni'in -.IX (ibid. 1642, 4to); Wal- ther, Springia Mosaica (Norib. 1642, 4to); Novarinus [R. C], N'otce (Veron. 1646, 2 vols, fol.); Aniato, -lliln ■j'O'lIJ (Venice, 1657, fol.) ; Varenius, Decades (Rost. 1659-75, 4 vols. 4to) ; Cregut, Kcvelator Arca- narum (Genev. 1666, 4to) ; Osiander, Commentarius (Tubing. 1076-8, 5 vols, fol.); Aboal) [Israelite], Pa- r'frasis (Amst. 1081, fol.); Ising, E-rercitationts (Re- groin. 1683, 4to) ; Von der Hardt, Epiiemerides Pkilo- lofjicw (Ilelmst. 1093, 8vo ; 1096, 4to) ; Kidder, Com- mentary (Lond. 1094, 4to) ; Loria, nnintl dns (Her- bon, 1694, 8vo); Calvoer, Gloria Mosis (Gosl. 1696, 4to) ; Sterring, Animadverdones (Leovard. 1696 ; L. B. 1721, 4to) ; Athar, C'riri "IIX (Venice, 17—, 4to, and often); Dupin, Notm (Par. 1702, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Frassen [R. C], Disquisitiones (ibid. 1705, 4to) ; Mei'r (Rash- bam), n jinn hv d^"lQ (Berl. 1705, 2 vols. 4to : Amst. 1760, 2 vols. 4to) ; Gensburg, "iilil rnd "'hpitii (Hamb. 1708, fol.); Tomaschov, d^Q (Venice, 1710, fol.); Chefez, r3'rn-2 r=xbp (ibid. 1710, fol.); Engclschall, Betracht. atis d.f. B. Mosis (Dresd. 1712, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Helvig [R. C], Qumstiones (Col. 1713, fol.) ; Marck, Analysis Exegeiica (L. B. 1713, 4to) ; Zarfati, -a^n Zfi'l (Amst. 1718, fol.); Bender, Ausle- gung (F. ad M. 1721, 4to) ; Israel ben-Isaac, TS'^DX C-^Tarn (ed. Brod, Offenb. 1722, 8vo; ed. Spetz, ibid. 1802,'4to) ; Landsberger, n'^Jil^X I^Vd (Offenb. 1724, 4to) ; Abulelia, Si^H y-J (Smyrna, 1726, fol.) : also r;;rb ritor (ibid. 1731, 4to); A. Cattenburgh [R. C], ,