Syntagma (Amst. 1737, 4to) ; Jameson, Ejposition (Lond. 1748, fol.); Ostrob, irx C"^:3-3 T\^^.2 (Zolk. 1749, fol.); Alexander- Siisskind, 13 nS2:i'2 (ibid. 1757, fol.) ; Tismenitz, b^H V^Z (Fr. ad 0.1760, 4to) ; Jacob ben-Pesach, 3lpr^ t"!j (Fiirth, 1765, 4to) ; Robertson, Claris (Edinb. 1770, 8vo) ; Bate, Notes [in- clud. other books] (Lond. 1773, 4to) ; Moldenhauer, Commentarius (Quedlinb. 1774-5, 2 vols. 4to) ; Nach- mani, "(Vdpa "IT (Mantua, 1778, fol.) ; Mendelssohn, AusIegta>g'(Ber\.' 1780-3, 5 vols. 8vo) ; Dathe, No^ce (Hal. 1781, 1792, 8vo) ; Jehudah ben-Eliezer, rn3?3 n'lSliT;', also Nicola, ^SIIQ (ed. Nunez -Vaez, Leg- honi, 1783, fol.); Di Trani, d-CWri ^j^^SS (ed. Asu- lai, Leghorn, 1792, fol.); Marsh, Authenticity of Pen- tate'ich (Lond. 1792, 8vo); Gaab, Erhldr. (Tiib. 1796, 8vo) ; AVittmann, Annotationes (Regensb. 1790, 8vo) ; Jones, Authenticity of Ptntattuch (Lond. 1797, 8vo) ; Zel)i, 13^ 1-C.n (Fiirth, 1798, 4to) ; Solestein, Erkldr. (Berl. 1800, 8vo) ; Asulai, D-^rinp hn (Leghorn, 1800, 4to); Faber, Horm Mosaicm (Lond. 1801, 1818, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Vater, Commentar (Halle, 1802-5, 3 vols, 8vo); Jacob ben-Asher, 'iTniS (eel- Bar, Zolk. 1.S06, 4to ; ed. Rosenthal, Hanov. 1838, 4to) ; Griesinger, Ueb. d. /•en^nfeffcA (Stuttg. 1806, 8vo) ; Schrenzel, ni"!;?^ C:;3 (Lemb. 1807, 1859, 4to) ; Morison, Introductory Key (Perth, 1810, 8vo) ; Meyer, Apologie d. Peiitat. (Sulzb. 1811, 8vo) ; Kelle, Wiirdigung d. Mos. Schrift. (Freib. 1811 sq., 3 vols. 8vo) ; also Anmrrk. (ibid. 1817-21, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Neumann, Ansivht d. Pentat. (Bresl. 1812, 4to) ; Fritzsche, Aechtheit d. Pentat. (Leipz. 1814, 8vo) ; Aharon hal-Levi, n"iC^in, etc. (Leghorn, 1815, fol.); Herbst, De Pentat. auctore et editore (Elvse, 1817, 8vo) ; Calvo, nd"n tim-g (Rodelh. 1818, 8vo) ; Heiden- heim, C"i3^^; -iiX'2 ^-Z^n (ibid. 1818-21, 8vo) ; Ve- nusi, Uebrrset-. (Prag. 1820, 4to) ; Aharon ben-Elia, nnin irS (ed. Kosegarten, Jena, 1824, 4to); Hor- witz, riE'^ C^2Q (Ostrob. 1824, 8vo); Pfister, Betracht. (Wiirzl). 18.8, 8vo) ; Hagel, Apologie d. Moses (Sulzb. 1828, 8vo) ; Schumann, Notte (vol. i. Lips. 1829, 8vo) ; Hartmann, Plan d.finfB. Mosis (Rost. 1831, 8vo) ; Heincmann [Israelite], Commentar (Berlin, 1831-3, 5 vt)ls. 8vo) ; Blunt, Principles of the AIos. Writings (Lond. 1833, 8vo); ^^■ittman, Pentat. Mosis (Lat. and Ger. Landsb. 1834, 8vo) ; Ranke, Unters. iib. d. Pen- tat. (Erlang. 1834-40, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Stahelin, Uniers. ■iib. d. Pentat. (in the Stud. u. Krit. 1835, p. 461 sq.) ; Hengstcnberg, Authentic d. Pent. (Berl. 1836-9, 2 vols. 8vo; tr. Edinb. 1847, 2 vols. 8vo); also Die Biichcr Mosis (Berl. 1841, 8vo ; tr. Edinb. 1845, 8vo) ; This- tlethwaite. Sermons (Lond. 1837-8, 4 vols. 12mo) ; Landauer, Eorm d. Pentat. (Stuttg. 1838, 8vo) ; Mek- lenburg, Commentarius (Lips. 1839, 8vo) ; Caunter, Poetry of the Pentat. (Lond. 1839, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Arn- heim [Israelite], Anmerk. (Glogau, 1839-41, 5 vols. ; ibid. 1842, 7 vols. 8vo); Bertheau, Die slehen Gruppen, etc. (Gott. 1840, 8vo) ; Herxheimer [Israelite], Erklilr. (Berl. 1841, 1850, 1865, 8vo); Thiersch, De Pentat. versi- one Alex. (Berol. 1841, 8vo) ; Thornton, Lectures (Lond. 1843, 8vo) ; Kurtz, Einleit. in d. Pentat. (Leipz. 1844, 8vo) ; Baumgarten, Commentar (Kiel, 1844, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Von Gerlach, Commentary (from the Germ. Edinb. 1846, 8vo) ; Graves, Lectures (Lond. 1846, 8vo) ; Homberg, Elisn (Vienna, 1846-9, 8vo) ; Hiivernick, Introduction (from the German, Edinb. 1850, 8vo) ; Weiss [Israelite], Investigation of the Pentat. (Dundee, 1850, 8vo) ; Hamilton, Defence of the Pentat. (Lond. 1851 ; N. Y. 1852, 8vo) ; "Sorensen, Inhalt u. Alter d. Pentat. (pt. i, Kiel, 1851, 8vo) ; Sanguinetti, nViy !TCJ"Til (Leghorn, 1853, fol.) ; Eiehm, Gesetzgebui g .'\fos's (Leips. 1854. 8vo) ; Macdonald, Introduction to the Pent. (Edinb. 1861, 2 vols. 8vo) ; E. AVilna [Israel-
PENTECOST
924
PENTECOST
ite], Commentan'us (ed. Fischel, Berl. 1862, 8vo) ; Mosar, n"2 "'n (Berl. 18G2, 8vo); Wogue, Traduction et Notes (Par. 18G2 sq., 5 vols. 8vo); Bartlett, Char- acter a id Authorship of the Peiitat. (in the Biblioiheca Sacra, Apr. and July, 18G3, July and Oct. 186-1); De Solla, Vocabulary of the Pent. (Lond. 18G5, 8vo) ; Hirsch, Erlaul. (vol. i and ii, F. ad M. 1867 sq. 8vo) ; Smith (W.J.D.), Anihorship, etc., of the Pentateuch (vol. i, Lend. 1808, 8vo) ; Norton, The Pentateuch in. relation of Jewish and Christian JJispensations (Load. 1870, 8vo) ; Margoliouth, Poet?-// of the Pentateuch (ibid. 1871, 8vo). See also Kawlinson's refutation (in Aids to Faith, a reply to the Essitys and Reviews, repub. N. Y. 1852, Essaj' vi) of the rationalistic attacks upon the Pentateuch by Bunsen and others. Bishop Colenso's Pentateuch and Josh. Eramined (f.ond. 1852, 8vo) was answered by numerous books and reviews (fee a list in Low's Publisher'' s Circular, Jan. 15, 186B). See Commentary.
Pen'tecost (JliVTriKOdTli, scil. yfiipa}, the second of the three great annual festivals on which all the males were required to appear before the Lord in the national sanctuary', the other two being the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles. It fell in due course on the sixth day of Sivan, and its rites, according to the Law, were restricted to a single day. The most impor- tant passages relating to it are Exod. xxiii, 16; Lev. xxiii, 15-22; Numb, xxviii, 26-31; Deut. xvi, 9-12. (The following article is based upon that of Ginsburg, in Kitto's Cyclfi2)(Bdia,v,'itb additions from other sources.) See Festival.
I. Name and its Signification . — This festival is called, 1. m""3""Il 5H, topT>) f/3cU)/.(«(iw)', solemnltas hbdoma- dorum, the Fes'.ival of V/ceks (Exod. xxxiv, 22; Deut. xvi, 10, 16 ; 2 Chron. viii, 13), because it was celebrat- ed seven completa weeks, or tiftj' daj's, after the Pass- over (Lev. xxiii, 15, 16). 2. For this reason it is also called in the Jewish writings Cl"^ d'^'i'^n ;n, the feast of the fifty days (comp. Joseph, llor, ii, 3, 1), whence y^tfpa r//C IIfi'-?;/cof7r//c (Joseph. Ant. iii, 10, 6; Tob. ii, 1; 2 Mace, xii, 32; Acts ii, 1; xx, 16 ; 1 Cor. xvi, 8), the Latin Penfecoste, and our appellation Pentecost. 3. 1^:i;5n :n, thefestiral of the harvest (Exod. xxiii, 16), because it concluded the harvest of the later grains. 4. CllSSfl ^^'^', t'l/ifpa riov j/c-wr, dies primitivorun, "the day of first-fruits" (Numb, xxviii, 26), because the first loaves made from the new corn wore then olTered on the altar (Lev. xxiii, 17), for wliieh reason Philo {0pp. ii, 291) calls it topTt] irpioro- yij'i'ijiuirwv. 5. It is also denominated in the post- canonical Jewish writings r.ysv'n ."", the festival of conclusion (or assembly), i. e. of the Passover, or sim- P'y ^T^?. (comp. TZiVT^KoaTij, ijv 'Ejipaioi 'AaapSrd [ = 5<m:i", ChalJee] KaXotiiJi, (7i]jiaivti ^e toito irtv- DiKunrliv, Joseph. Ant. iii, 10, C; Mishna, Bikkuiim, i, 3, 7, 10 ; Rosh Ila-Shana, i, 2 ; Chagiga, ii, 4), because it completed what the Passover commenced; and G, n^rin'n 'r.'S "|"C", ths time of the giving of our law, be- cause the Jews believe that on this day the revelation of the Dc;calogue took place.