3. A Peor, under its Greek garb of <Paywp, appears among the eleven names added bj"^ the Sept. to the list of the allotment to Judah, between Bethlehem and Aitan (Ethani). It was known to Eusebius and Je- rome, and is mentioned by the latter in his translation of the Onomasticon as Phaoid. It proI)ablj' still ex- ists under the name of Bdt Fafihiir or Kirbet Faghur, five miles south-west of Bethlehem, barel)' a mile to the left of the road from Hebron (Keland, Palcest. p. 643 ; Robinson, £ib. Ees. iii, 275 ; Tobler, Dritte Wan- derung, p. 92).
Pepin is the name of several distinguished mem- bers of the Carlovingian line of French kings. The first of them in order was Pepix the (3ld, or "Pepin de Landen," who flourished in the first lialf of the 7th centurJ^ The only one, however, whose historj' con- cerns us especialh' here is the third of the Pepins, whose name was Pepin i.e Bref, i. e. " Pepin the Short," and who was really the first king of France. He was the 3'ounger son of Charles Martel, who, on the death of liis father in 741, received Neustria and Burgundy; Austrasia, Thuringia, and Suabia being the heritage of his elder brother Carloman. Aqui- taine was nominally a part of Pepin's dominions, though really independent under its own duke, whom Pepin made several ineffectual attempts to subdue. The farce c f governing the country in the name and as the chief minister, or, as he was called, " jMaj'or of the Palace," of the ^Merovingian sovereign, which had begun under Pepin of Ileristal, was still kept up, though Pepin was eagerly longing for an oppoi'tunity
to assume the crown, but the opportune moment did not come until 747, when Carloman bade adieu to power, and retired into a convent, leaving his govern- ment to his sons. Pepin immediately dispossessed them. After crushing a rebellion of Saxons and Ba- varians, Pepin determined to effectually establish his roj'al power In' dispossessing the Merovingian dynasty of even the semblance of authority, and of originating in person a new royal dynast}'. To gain his point he flattered the clergj', then the most influential body in France; and as they had been despoiled by Charles Martel for the behoof of his warriors, a moderate de- gree of kindness and generositj' on the part of Pepin contrasted him so favorably with his father that the clerg}' at once became his partisans. So did the pope (Zacharias), who felt the importance of securing the aid of the powerful Prankish chief against the Lom- bards, who were then masters of Italy, and to stop the progress of the Saracens, who now spread as far as the south of France. He therefore released the Franks from their oath of fidelit}' to Childeric, the Merovin- gian monarch ; which intelligence, when brought to Pepin, at once caused him to complete the dethrone- ment of Childeric by having his long hair shaved off, which was an essential characteristic of roj'alty with the jNIerovingian kings, and to confine him in a monaster}', where he died in 755, and had himself elected king by the assembly of estates at Soissons, and consecrated by the bishop of Mayence in March, 752. In 754 the pope himself (Stephen II) appeared for Pepin, and gave his sanction to the election and consecration ; and, in order to give further eflfect to Pepin's author- ity, consecrated him anew to his high dignity in the ciuirch of St. Denis at Paris. Apparently the action had significance only for Pepin's subjects. It soon proved, liowever, that these solemn ceremonies had put the crown under great obligations to the Cliurch, or, better, the papacy; and that, though at this time the pope came to favor the king, and to ask for help to maintain his temporal sovereignty, the day came when the clergy claimed to have secured political rank in the state by Pepin's coronation at their hands. See Investitures ; Teimporal Power of the Pope. Pepin accompanied the pontiff to Italy at the head of a large army, to estaljlish firmly, in turn, the papal au- thority. He waged war against Astolphus, tlie Lom- bard king, obliged him to raise the siege of Rome, and not only compelled him to abandon all pretensions to the city and the exarchate of Ravenna, but took from him several cities which had formerly belonged to the Greeks, and handed them over to the pope. Another expedition was rendered necessary in A.D. 755 by the revolt of Astolphus, who was again subdued by the champion of the Church. He also obtained a signal victory over the Saracens, reunited Aquitaine to his kingdom, and waged successful war against the Ger- man princes. Pepin le Bref died in the year 768, and was succeeded by his son Charlemagne. It is admit- ted by late historians that this change of dynasty was coincident with the elevation of the eastern Franks, whose fresher energ}-, guided by the chiefs of tlie Pe- pin family, enabled them to push upward to the seat of government, and take the place of their feeijler kin- dred. See the articles France and Lombards for the necessary literature for a correct understanding of the establishment of the Gallic nation.
Pepin(orPepyn), Martin, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in 1574, as appears from an inscrip- tion on his portrait hereafter mentioned. It is not known under whom he studied at home. After hav- ing learned the principles of the art, he went to Ital}', where he is said to have so distinguished himself by his grandeur of composition, correctness of de- sign, and vigorous tone of coloring, that Rubens him- self regarded Pepin with jealousy, and dreaded his re- turn to Antwerp, fearing his reputation would sutler from such rivalship. Pepin, however, did not inter-