these stand on the boundarj' line. In Scotland, where the parochial principle has never been developed as in England, there seem to be few traces of a similar practice. But as between neighboring landowners, a brieve of perambulation is the technical remedy for setting right a dispute as to boundaries or marches ; and perambulating or ' riding' the bounds of boroughs is a common practice. The necessity or determination to perambulate along the old track often occasioned curious incidents. If a canal had been cut through the boundary of a parish, it was deemed necessarj' that some of the parishioners should pass through the water. Where a river formed part of the boundary line, the procession either passed along it in boats, or some of the party stripped and swam along it, or boys were thrown into it at customary places. If a house had been erected on the boundary line, the procession claimed the right to pass through it. A house in Buckinghamshire, still existing, has an oven passing over the boundary line. It was customary in the perambulations to put a boy into this recess to pre- serve the integrity of the boundary line. At various parts of the parish boundaries, two or three of the vil- lage boj's were ' bumped' — that is, a certain part of the person was swung against a stone wall, a tree, a post, or any other hard object which happened to be near the parish boundary. This, it will scarcely be doubted, was an eft"ectual method of recording the boundaries in the memor}' of these battering-rams, and of those who witnessed this curious mode of registra- tion. The custom of perambulating parishes contin- ued in some parts of the kingdom to a late period, but the religious portion of it was generally, if not uni- versallj', omitted. The custom has, however, of late j'ears been revived in its integrity in manj^ parishes" (Chambers).
Peranda, Santo, an Italian painter, was born at Venice in 1566. According to Ridolfi, he first studied under the younger Palma, and afterwards with Leon- ardo Corona, Of Murano. In his first perfonnance he followed the prompt and hasty manner of Palma; but he afterwards went to Rome, where, b}' diligently studying the antique and the works of the great mas- ters, he formed a style of his own, more finished and correct. On his return to Venice he improved his coloring by contemplating the works of Titian, Tinto- retto, and Veronese, so that he became as accomplished in coloring as he was before in design. He executed many works for the churches and public edifices, and was employed in decorating the ducal palaces at Ven- ice, Mirandola, and Modena with various subjects from historj'. "His usual manner," says Lanzi, "very much resembles Palma, while in the large histories which he produced at Venice and Mirandola he ap- pears in a more practical character of his own. Yet he was of a more slow and reflective turn, and more studious of art — qualities which, in the decline of age, led him to adopt a ver}' delicate and labored manner. He was not ambitious of equalling his contemporaries in the number of his works, hut his aim was to surpass them in correctness ; nor did he anywhere succeed bet- ter in his object than in his Christ taken down from the Cross, in tlie church of San Procolo at Venice." He had several disciples, among whom was Matteo Pon- zone. He died at Venice in 1G38. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, G73.
Per Anniiluin et Baculum were those bish- oprics given by handing over the ring and staff.
Perard-Castel, Francois, a French canonist, was born at Vire in 1647. Admitted to the bar in Paris, he entered into a business relating to benefices, under the direction of his uncle, banker to the court of Rome, to whom he soon succeeded. He afterwards became a lawj'er to the grand council, and, exhausted by labor and too close application, he died at Paris in 1687. We have of his works, Paraphase sur le Commentaire
PERAT^
934
PERAZIM
de Dumouliii ad Jiec/ulas Cancellaiia; (Paris, 1683 or ](j85, fol.): — Remarques sur les Defmitiorus da droit Cununique (de Desmaisons) (ibid. 1700, fol.), "a work wliich is of more value," says Camus, " than the Defini- tions themselves;" the first edition, without notes, is 16G8, 4to ; the second, 1674, 3 small vols. 4to : — Nouveau recueii de pludeurs questions notables sur les matieres henfificiales (ibid. 1689, 2 vols, fol.): — Trnite sommaue de I'usaf/e et de la pratique de la cour de Home pour Vex- pidition des signatures et provisions des benefices de France (ibid. 1717, 2 vols. 12mo), with remarks bj' Guill. Noyer. Some authors believe that the latter work is by Castel, xmcle of Perard, who may have cor- rected it. See Denys-Simon, Biblioth. IJist. des Auteurs de Droit; Camus, Biblioth. dhmAvocat; Richard et Si- mon, Biblioth. sacree. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxix, 553.
Peratae were a verj' obscure Gnostic sect, re- lated to the Ophites (q. v.). They are first named by Clement of Alexandria, and delinitely described, i.e. in some detail, bj' Hijipolytus (JRvfut. v, 124). The latter was followed by Theodoret, but no new information about them was added b}' him {Ilceret. fab. i, 17). This sect appears to have- been called Peratte, or Pe- ratici, in the first instance, from the country' to which they belonged, Euboea, i.e. the land beyond (jr'ipav) the continent, as Periea was the district beyond Jor- dan ; and this is the only fact stated about them by Clement of Alexandria {Strom, vii, 17, ad lin.). But thej' afterwards gave another meaning to the name, that of " Transcendentalists" {Ylipaaai), because, through their knowledge of the divine mysteries, they were qualified to "proceed through the pass beyond destruc- tion." Hippolytus says thev originated with Euphra- tes the Peratic and Celbes the Carystian (the latter Ijeing also called Ademes and Acembes the Carystian both b}' Hippolytus and Theodoret), but no particulars are given about either.