In secular life also, as above observed, the free use of perfumes was peculiarly grate- ful to the Orientals (Prov. xxvii, 9), whose olfactory nerves are more than usually sen- sitive to the offensive smells engendered by the heat of their climate (Burckhardt, Trav- els, ii, 85). The Hebrews manufactured their perfumes chiefly from spices imported from Arabia, though to a certain extent also from aromatic plants growing in their own country. See Spices. The modes in which they applied them were various ; occasion- ally a bunch of the plant itself was worn about the person as a nosegay, or enclosed in a bag (Cant, i, 13) ; or the plant was re- duced to a powder and used in the way of fumigation (Cant, iii, 6); or, again, the aro- omatic qualities were extracted by some process of boiling, and were then mixed with oil, so as to be applied to the person in the way of ointment (John xii, 3) ; or, last- 1}', the scent was carried about in smell- ing-bottles (wEirl '^P]3, houses of the soul) suspended from the girdle (Isa. iii, 20). Perfumes entered largely into the Temple service, in the two forms of incense and ointment (Exod. xxx, 22-38). Xor were they less used in private life : not on\y were they applied to the person, but to gar- ments (Psa. xlv, 8; Cant, iv, 11), and to articles of furniture, such as beds (Prov. vii, 17). On the arrival of a guest the same compliments were probablj^ paid in ancient as in modern times ; the rooms were fumi- gated ; the person of the guest was sprinkled with rose-water; and then the incense was applied to his face and benrd (Dan. ii, 40 ; Lane, 3Iod. Eg. ii, 14). AVhen a royal per- sonage went abroiid in his litter, attendants threw up "pillars of smoke" about his path VIL-0 o o
(Cant, iii, G). Nor is it improbable that other prac- tices, such as scenting the breath by chewing frankin- cense (Lane, i, 24G), and the skin by washing in rose- water (Burckhardt, i, 52), were also adopted in early times. The use of perfumes was omitted in times of mourning, whence the allusion in Isa. iii, 24, " Instead of sweet smell there shall be stink." The preparation of perfumes in the form either of ointment or incense was a recognised profession (npl ; A.V. apothecary) among the Jews (Exod. xxx, 25, 35; Eccl. x, 1). — Smith. See Ointment.
Per'ga (nt/uy?)), an ancient and important city of Pam])hylia, in Asia Minor, situated on the river Ces- trus, at a distance of sixty stadia from its mouth (Strab. xiv, 6G7; Cic. Verr. i, 20; Plin. v, 2G ; Mela, i, 14 ; Ptol. V, 5, § 7). It was celebrated in antiquity for the worship of Artemis (Diana), whose temple stood on a hill outside the town, and in whose honor annual festivals were celebrated (Callim. Hymn, in Dlun. 187; Scylax, p. 39; Dion. Per. 854). The goddess and the temple are represented on the coins of Perga.
Coin of Perga.
Alexander the Great occupied Perga with a part of his armj' after cjuitting Phasaelis, between which two towns the road is described as long and difficult (Ar- rian, Anab. i, 2G ; comp. Polyb. v, 72 ; xxii, 25 ; Livy, xxxviii, 37). The Cestrus was navigable to Perga,
Plau of Perga.
PEliGAMOS
940
PERGAMOS
and St. Paul landed here on his voyage from Paphos (Acts xiii, 13). He visited the city a second time on his return from the interior of Pamphylia, and preach- ed the Gospel there (Acts xiv, '.'5). Perga was origi- nally the capital of Pamphylia ; hut when that prov- ince was divided into two, Side became the chief town of the first, and Perga of the second Pamphylia. In the ecclesiastical notices, and in Hierocles (p. G79), Perga appears as the metropolis of Pamphylia (Ste- phen of Byzant. s. v. ; Eckhel, Buclr. Num. i, 3, p. 12). There are still extensive remains of Perga at a spot called hy the Turks Eski-Kti/esi (Leake, Asia Mi- nor, p. 132; Fellows, Asia Miiinr, p. 190; Texier, Ask Mineure, pi. 19; Conybeare and Howson, St. Paul, j, 160). See Pamphylia.
Per'gamos, properly Pergamus (U'ipyaixov), or PERGAMUM(nf/oyrt/io)', as usually in classical writers), a town of the Great jNIysia, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, and afterwards of the Roman province of Asia Propria. It was an ancient city, in a most beautiful district of Teuthrania, in Asia Minor, north of the river Caicus. Near the point where the city was located, two other rivers, the Selinus and Cetius, emptied themselves into tlie Caicus ; the Selinus flowed •through the city itself, while the Cetius washed its walls (Strab. xiii, C19; Plin. v, 33; Pausan. vi, 16, § 1 ; Livy, xxxvii, 18). Its distance from the sea was one hundred and twentj' stadia, but communication with the sea was effected by the navigable river Caicus. The name was originally given to a remarkable hill, pre- senting a conical appearance when viewed from the plain. The local legends attached a sacred character to this place. Upon it the Cabiri wei-e said to have been witnesses of the birth of Zeus, and the whole of the land belonging to the citj' of the same name which afterwards grew up around the original Pergamos ap- pertained to these deities. Tlie city itself, which is first jnentioned by Xenophon (Anab. vii, 8, § 8), was orig- inally' a fortress of considerable natural strength, being situated on the summit of the hill, round the foot of which there were at that time no houses. Sulise- quently, however, a city arose at the foot of the hill, and the latter then became the Acropolis. We have no further information as to the foundation of the orig- inal town on the hill, but the Pergamenians believed themselves to be the descendants of Arcadians who had migrated to Asia under the leadership of the He- raclid Telephus (Pausan. i, 4, § 5). They derived the name of their town from Pergamus, a son of P3'rrhus, who was believed to have arrived there with his moth- er Andromache, and, after a successful combat with Arius, the ruler of Teuthrania, to have established himself there (Pausan. i, 11, § 2). Another tradition stated that Asclepius, with a colony from Epidaurus, proceeded to Pergamos. At all events, the place seems to have been inhabited bj- many GreelvS at the time when Xenophon visited it. Still, however, Pergamos remained a place of not much importance until the time of Lj'simachus, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, The sacred character of the locality, com- bined with its natural strength, seems to have made it, like some others of the ancient temples, a bank for chiefs who desired to accumulate a large amount of S]iecie. Hence this Lysimachus cliose Pergamos as a place of security for the reception and preservation of his treasures, which amounted to 9000 talents. The care and superintendence of tliis treasure was intrusted to Philetaerus of Tium, a eunuch from his infancy, and a person in whom Lj'simnchus placed the greatest con- fidence. For a time Philetrorus answered the expecta- tions of Lj'simachus, but having lieen ill-treated by Ar- sinoe, the wife of his master, ho witlidrew liis allegiance, anddeclaredhimself independent. P.C.2.S3. As Lysim- achus was prevented by domestic calamities from pun- ishing the oflTender, PhiletKrus remained in undisturlied possession of the town and treasures for twenty years, contriving by dexterous management to maintain peace