■with his neighbors. He transmitted his principality to a nephew of the name of Eumenes, who increased the territorj' he had inherited, and even gained a vic- torj' over Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, in the neigh- borhood of Sardis. After a reign of twenty-two years, from B.C. 2G3 to 241, he was succeeded l)y his cousin Attains, who, after a great victory over the Galatians, assumed the title of king, and distinguished himself by his great talents and sound policj' (Strabo, xiii, 623, 624 ; Polyb. xviii, 24 ; Livy, xxxiii, 21). He espoused the interests of Pome against Philip of Macedonia, and in conjunction with the Khodian fleet rendered impor- tant service to the Romans. It was mainly this At- tains that amassed the wealth for which his name be- came proverbial. He died at an advanced age, in B.C. 197, and was succeeded by his son Eumenes 1 1, from B.C. 197 to 159. He continued his father's friendship for the Romans, and assisted them against Antiochus the Great and Perseus of jMacedonia. After the defeat of Anti- ochus, the Romans rewarded his services by giving him all the countries in Asia Minor west of Mount Taurus. Pergamos, tlie territorj' of which had hitherto not ex- tended bej'ond the gulfs of Elaja and Adramj'ttium, now became a large and powerful kingdom (Strabo, I. c. ; Livj', xxxviii, 39). Eumenes II was nearlj- killed at Delphi by assassins said to have been hired by Perseus; j'et at a later period he fiivored the cause of the Mace- donian king, and therebj' incurred the ill-will of the Romans. Pergamos was mainlj' indebted to Eumenes II for its embellishment and extension. He was a liberal patron of the arts and sciences ; he decorated the temple of Zeus Nicephorus, which had been built bj' Attains outside the citv, with walks and plantations, and erected himself manj' other public buildings; but the greatest monument of his lilieralitj' was the great librarj' which he founded, and which j'ieldcd onlj' to that of Alexandria in extent and value (Strabo, /. c. ; Athen. i, 3). He was succeeded bj' his son Attalus II ; but the government was carried on bj- the late king's brother, Attalus, surnamed Philadelphus, from B.C. 159 to 138. During this period the Pergamenians again assisted the Romans against the pseudo-Philip. Attalus also defeated Diegylus, king of the Thracian Cseni, and overthrew Prusias of Bithj'nia. On his death, his ward and nephew, Attalus III. surnamed Philometer, undertook the reins of government, from B.C. 138 to 133, and on his death bequeathed his king- dom to the Romans. Soon after Aristonicus, a natural son of Eumenes II, revolted, and claimed the kingdom of Pergamos for himself; but in B.C. 130 he was van- quished and taken prisoner, and the kingdom of Per- gamos became a Roman province under the name of Asia (Strabo, xiv, 646.) The city of Pergamos, how- ever, continued to flourish and prosper under the Ro- man dominion, so that Pliny (/. c.) could still call it "longe clarissimum Asite Pergamum :" it remained the centre of jurisdiction for the district, and of commerce, as all the main roads of Western Asia converged there. Pergamos was one of the seven churches mentioned in the book of Revelation (ii, 12). Under the Byzantine emperors the greatness and prosperity of the citj' de- clined; but it still exists under the name oi Bergamo, and presents to the visitor numerous ruins and exten- sive remains of its ancient magnificence. It lies (^n the north bank of the Caicus, at the base and on the declivity of two high and steep mountains, on one of which now stands a dilapidated castle. A wall facing the south-cast of the Acropolis, of hewn granite, is at least one hundred feet deep, and engrafted into the rock ; above it a course of large sul>structions form a spacious area, upon which once rose a temple unri- valled in sublimity of situation, being visible from the vast plain and the yEgean Sea. The ruins of this temple sliow that it was built in the noblest style. Besides this, there are ruins of an ancient temple of ^sculapius, which, like the Nicephorion, was outside the city (Tacit. Ann. iii, 63; Pausan. 13, § 2); of a
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roj'al palace, which was surrounded by a wall, and connected with tlie Caicus by an aqueduct; of a pr^-- taneuni, a theatre, a gymnasium, a stadium, an am- phitheatre, and other public buildings. All these re- mains attest the unusual splendor of the ancient citj-, and all travellers speak with admiration of their stu- pendous greatness. The numerous coins which we possess of Pergamos attest that OU'mpian games were celebrated there ; a vase found there represents a torch- race on horseback ; and Pliny (x, 25) relatas that pub- lic coclt-fights took place there everv j-ear. Pergamos was celebrated for the manufacture of ointments (Athen. xv, G89), pottery (Pliny, xxxv, 46), and parchment, which derives its name (charta Pergame- na) from the cit}^ The library of Pergamos, which is said to have consisted of no less than 200,000 volumes, remained at Pergamos after the kingdom of the Attali j had lost its independence, until Antonj^ removed it to Egypt, and presented it to queen Cleopatra (Pliny, Hist. Nat. iii, 2; Plutarch, Antan.^. The valualjle tapestries, c.illed in Latin aiiiva, from having adorned the hall of king Attalus, were also wrought in this town. Even now it is a place of consideral)le im- portance, containing a population estimated at 14,000, of whom about 30U0 are Greeks, .300 Armenians, and the rest Turks (Macfiirlane's Visit). The writer just cited says, " The approach to this ancient and decaj'ed city was as impressive as well might be. After cross- ing the Caicus, I .saw, looking over three vast tumuli, or sepulchral barrows, similar to those of the plains of Troy, the present Turkish city, with its tall minarets and taller C3'presses, situated on the lower declivities and at the foot of the Acropolis, whose bold gray brow was crowned by the rugged v;alls of a barbarous castle, the usurper of the site of a magnificent Greek temple." 'I'he town consists for the most part of small and mean wooden houses, among which appear the remains of ear- ly Christian churches, showing "like hirge fortresses amid vast barracks of wood." None of these churches have any scriptural or ajiocalyptic interest connected with them, having been erected "several centuries after the ministry of the apostles, and when Christianitj' was not a humble and despised creed, but the adopted relig- ion of an immense empire." The pagan temples have fared worse than these Christian churches. "The fanes of Jupiter and Diana, of .^E^culapins and Venus, are prostrate in the dust ; and where they have not been carried away b}' the TurIvS, to cut up into tombstones or to pound Lcto mortar, tlie Corinthian and Ionic col-