0. Scntlnnd, Spain, etc. — Besides the above-men- tioned persecutions, there have been several others car- ried on in different parts of the world. Scotland, for
PERSEPHONE
971
PERSEPOLIS
man}' j'ears together, was the scene of cruelty and bloodshed, till it was delivered by the monarch at the Revolution. Spain, Italy, and the vallej' of Pied- mont, and other places, have been the seats of much persecution. Toper}', we see, has had the greatest iiand in this mischievous work. It has to answer, also, for the lives of millions of Jews, Mohammedans, and barbarians. When the INIoors conquered Spain in the eighth century, they allowed the Christians the free exercise of their religion ; but in the fifteenth centur}', when the Moors were overcome, and Ferdi- nand subdued the Moriscoes, the descendants of the above jMoors, manj' thousands were forced to be bap- tized, or were burned, massacred, or banished, and their children sold for slaves; besides innumerable Jews, who shared the same cruelties, chiefl}' by means of the infernal courts of the Inquisition. A worse slaughter, if possible, was made among the natives of Spanish America, where fifteen millions are said to have been sacrificed to the genius of poperj' in about fort}' years. It has been computed that fifty millions of Protestants have at different times been the victims of the perse- cutions of the papists, and put to death for tlieir re- ligious opinions. Well, therefore, might the inspired penman say that at mystic Babylon's destruction '■was found in her the blood of propliets, of saints, and of all that was slain upon the earth" (Rev. xviii, 24).
See SchafF, Ch. Hist, i, 15G sq. ; Elliott, Roimnism ; Milman, IJist. of Lot. C/irisf. ; Leckey, Hist, of Rat. ; European Mora's; Littell, Living Age, Aug. 11, 1855, p. 300 sq. ; Edinh. Rev. Ixiii, 38 sq. ; Zeitschrift far hist. Theol. 18G1 ; North British Rev. xxxiv, 271 ; Lim- borch. Introduction to his Ilistury of the Inquisition; D'EnaroUes, Mitnoirs of the Persecutions of the Prot- estants in France ; Robinson, History of Persecution ; Lockman, Uisl.of Popifih Persecution; Clark, Looking- glass for Persecutors ; Doddridge, Sermon '« Persecu- tion; Jortin, t'ijrf. vol. iv, ser. 9 ; Fox, Marty r.^ ; Wod- row. Hist, of the Sufferings of the Chirch of Scotland ; Neale, History of the Puritans, and of New England ; Hist, of the Bohemian Persecutions; Roger Williams, Bloody Tenet; Backus, Hist, of N w England; Ban- croft, Hist, of the United States, vol. i.
Persephone was tlie name of the Grecian god- dess who ruled over tlie infernal regions. By the Romans she was called Proserpina. She was the daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Demeter (Ceres). In Attica she was therefore called Ki'p//, i. e. the Daughter. By Homer she was styled tlie wife of Hades (Pluto), and the queen of the lower world, and of the realms inhabited hy the souls of the dead. Hence she is called Juno Inferna, Averna, and Slygia. She is said to have been the mother of the Eunienides, Erinyes, or Furies. Ilesiod mentions a story of her having been carried off by Pluto, and of the search of Demeter insti- tuted for her daughter all over the eartli by torch- light, until at length she found her in the realms be- low. An arrangement was now made that Persephone should spend a third of the year with Pluto, and two thirds with the gods above. She was generally wor- shipped along with Demeter, and temples in her hon- or are found at Corinth, Megara, Sparta, and at Locri, in the South of Italy. In art she is represented as grave and severe, as would become the queen of the lower world. See Vollmer, }fythologisches Worterhuch, 8. V. ; Gardner, Faiths of the World, ii, 619.
Persep'olis (rFfpo-tTToXfc; Persepolis'). This city is mentioned only once in the Bihle, namely, in 2 Mace, ix, 2, \vhere it is saiil that Antiochus E|)iphanes "en- tered [a city] callc<l Persepolis, and went aliout to rob the temple and to hold the city ;" but the inhabitants defending themselves, Antiochus was ignominiously put to flight, Persepolis was the capital of Persia at the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great, who, as is well known, wantonly burned it, as has been supposed