double semi-bull. Behind the Hall of Xerxes was the so-called Hall of Hundred Columns, to the south of which are indications of another structure, which Fergusson terms the Central Edifice. Next along the west front stood the Palace of Darius, and to the south the Palace of Xerxes, measuring about 8(5 feet square, similarly dec- orated, and of similar grand proportions. For a further and more minute description, see Le Brnyn, I'w/- au Levant, iv, 301 ; Chardiii, ii, 140 ; Niebuhr, Reise in Arubien, etc., ii, 121; Sir P. K. Porter, Travels, i, 576; Heeren, Asiatic Nations, i, 91 ; Kich, Residence in Kin'- distan, ii, 218-222; Fergusson, Palaces of Nineveh and Persejiolis Restored, p. 89 ; Vaux, Nineveh and Peisejw- lis, p. 360; Ussher, .4 Jovrney from London to Persep- olis, p. 532, etc. Persepolis is about four miles from Istakhr, the earliest occurrence of which name appears on a coin of the Mohammedan conquerors of Persia, struck at this place A.H. 94=A.D. 712; and as, accord- ing to Mr. Fergusson, " Pasargada; had been the royal residence of the Achajmenidaj [(iaaiXttov dpxaiov, Strabo, xv, 3, 7], so Persepolis became the new town when Darius removed to Istakhr — the latter having been, in all ages subsequent, the city par crefllt-uce'' (Fergusson, p. 92 ; Yaux, Nin. and Pe?s. p. 397, 401 ). It is curious that, while Herodotus and other ancient writ- ers mention Susa, Babjdon, and Ecbatana, no contem- porary author mentions Persepolis: and moreover they " mark the portions of the year which the Persian mon- archs used to spend at their several residences in such a manner as to leave no portion of the year vacant for Persepolis" (Heeren, Asiatic Nations, i, 92). Athenreus (Deipnosoph. xii, 513, F), however, says that the Persian kings resided at Persepolis during the autumn of each year; but statements of other writers (Xenoph. Cyrop. viii, 6, 22; Plutarch, De ExihsW, 10) leave this uncer- tain. Notwithstanding, it cannot be doubted that it was a royal residence, and. as Strabo (xv, p. 729) states, after Susa, the richest city of the Persians. See Peiisia. It is, however, to be observed that tlic expedition of Antiochus Eitiphanes to Persia is very differently re- lated in 1 Mace, vi, 1, 2. It is there stated that Anti- ochus, " having heard say that Elymais, in the country of Persia, was a city (!ir( iariv 'EAu/iai't' *■'' ~y Tlipani TTi'iAic: «'"' i-TrM' iv 'E\vi.t'kQ h> ti) Ylipaih — iJAir, Cod. A/<x.) greatly renowned for riches, silver, and gold, and that there was in it a vory rich temple, \vherein were coverings of gold, and breastplates and shields, which Alexander, son of Philip, the Macedonian king, who reigned first among the lirecians, had left there, came and sought to take the city and to spoil it," but was
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defeated in the attempt. This account is strictly fol- lowed by Josephus (.1 nt. xii. 'J, 1), who adds that it was the temple of Diana against which tlie exjK'dition was made — a fact also recorded by Polybiiis (xxxi, II), but by Appian (-S'^''. 60) stated to have been the temple of Yenus. These statements receive some confirmation from the temple of the goddess "Nani^a" being men- tioned as visited by Antiochus (2 Mace, i, 13-15). Na- naja has been identitied with both Artemis and Aphro- dite, and is evidently the 'Avchtiq of Strabo (xv, p. 532), the numeii patriuin of the Persians, Medes, and Arme- nians. (For an account of this deit}^, see Norris, in Roy. As. Soc. xv, IGl ; liawlinson, Herod, i, 634.) See Nan^ea. It is quite evident that there is an error in the Maccabees and in Josephus, ia both of which Ely- mais is called '"a city," for all historians and geogra- phers call it a ]irovincc (Smith, Did. of Claxs. Biog. s. V. Elymais), and it is even so particularized in the Cod. A lex. ; and Strabo especially (xvi, p. 744), who men- tions three temples — of Belus, Minerva, and Diana, call- ed Azara — does not place them in the city of Elymais, but at different places in the country of the Elymajans. It was the temple of Belus that was attacked by Anti- ochus the Great in B.C. 187, when he was killed bj- the people, who rose in its defence (Strabo, /. c. xvi, I, 18; Diod. Sic. xxix, 15; comp. xxviii, 3; Justin, xxxii, ch. 2), against the opinion of Aurelius Victor (/>« Vivis Illust. 54), who says he was slain by his attendants dur- ing the carousals. Taking the following facts into con- sideration— 1. That Persepolis, according to the account of most historians, was utterly destroyed, and all the treasures carried awaj'; 2. that the expedition of An- tiochus Epiphanes thereto is only recorded in the 2d Mace; 3. that Autiochus's father had already made an attack on the temple of El3anais, which was perhaps an inducement for the son to do the same; 4. that the expedition to Elymais and to its temple — the deity of which is named — is not only mentioned in the 1st and 2d Mace, but is also recorded by Polybius and Ap- pian— it seems more probable that it was against an Ehj- mccnn temple that Antiochus E|)iphanes directed his attack, an opinion that has been already advanced by (irimm {Kui-zijef. exeg. llandb. zii den Apokr.). — Kitto. See IJawlinson, Anc, Monarchies, iv, 237 sq. ; North Amer. Rev. 1836, p. 7. See Antiochus Epiphanes.