Ancient Egyptian Spearmen 914
Greek and Roman Spears 915
Sper at Walmgate 924
View of the Sphinx 926
AstrafjahiJt iragacantha 927
Common Spider 929
Indian Spikenard 932
Ancient Egyptians Spinning 933
Ancient Egyptian Spindles 934
Early English Spires 940
Spire at Ringstead 940
Spire at Caythorpe 941
Spire Cross 941
Assyrian Spitting upon au Enemy 959;
Splay 960
Sponge 961
Ancient Egyptian Spoons 963
Leaden Spout at Woodford 965,
Sqninch in Canon's Abbey 969
iSquinch in Ton" Church. . ..Page 970
Squints at Haselv 970
Squint at Crawle"y 970
Squint at Bristol 970
Storax Plant 976
Pastoral Staff of Egbert 977
Precentor's Staff 977
Ancient Egyptian Stalls 980
Stalls in Oxford Cathedral 981
Stanchion at Warborough 982
Ancient Egyptian Standards 982
.\ncient Assyrian Standards 983
Ancient Persian Standards 983
Ancient Roman Standards 983
Modern Oriental Standards 984
Various Ancient Standards. 985
Standard at Dorchester 985
Ancient Assyrian Standard-bearer 985
Lady Stanhope's Grave 987
Spot where St.Stephen was Stoned 1011
Earlv British Stick-book 1023
Stilted Arch 1028
Modern Stocks in India 1030
Druidical Stone in Persia 1043
Cromlech at Plas Kewydd 1044
Stonehenj^ 1045
Druidical Rocking-st(nie 1047
Ancient Egj'ptiau Store-house... 1049
White Stork 1050
Stork's Nest 1051
" Straight Street" in Damascus. . . 1055 Ancient Egyptian Strainer aud La- dle 1055
Street in Palestine 1062
String in Lincoln Cathedral 1063
Oriental Stringed Instruments... 1064
C YC L 0 PtE D I A
OP
BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.
RH.
Rhabanus (more properly Rabanus) Maurus, a (listiiigiiislied German tlieoloijian and prelate, was born of French parents, named Bctbiui, at INIentz, about 776. On the completion of his early studies at Fulda, in Hesse, he was there made a deacon in 801 ; and he betook him- self to Tours the following year to enjoy the tuition of the famous Alcuin, who is said to have surnamed him the ^[oor, from his dark complexion. It is also appar- ent from his writings that he had in his youth made a pilgrimage to Palestine. In his twenty-fifth year he became head of the convent school at Fulda, where his successful teaching drew around him many pupils, and not a few of the nobility intrusted him with the educa- tion of their sons. In 8"22 he was consecrated abbot; but he still directed the seminary, which supplied many able teachers for the Frankish and German churches. On a complaint of the monks that his absorption in lit- erary pursuits hindered the discharge of his more active conventual duties, he retired in 84"2. He was, however, drawn out of this voluntary seclusion, in 847, by being made archbishop of Mentz, whence he is supposed by some to have received the epithet of Magnentiits. In this situation he was the opposer and persecutor of (Jottschalk (q. v.), who advocated the doctrine of fire- destination. Rabanus founded the monastery of Mont St. Pierre, and rebuilt that of Kliugemunster. In 850 he showed great devotion in relieving the poor who had suffered from a flood. In 852 he presided at a council held in his metropolis. He died Feb. 4, 856. His intluence was great among the churches in the diffusion of practical piety, and he had several illustri- ous disciples. His erudition and general attainments were respectable for the age in which he lived, and, as a lecturer, he instructed his scholars in general litera- ture and science as well as theology. He wrote com- mentaries on all the canonical books and many of the Apocryphal ones, and left behind him numerous trea- tises, sermons, and letters. His Opera Omnia were edited by Henin and Colvener (Cologne, 1()27, 6 vols. fol.). See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene- t-ale, s. V. ; Darling, Cyclop. Bibliog. s. v., and the literature there cited ; also, Johann, IM Vita ac Doctrina Rhab. Mauri Maqn. (Jen. 1724) ; Schwarz, De Eahano Manro (Heidelb.1811); DaM, Lehen.ii. Schr.d. Rah. Maiir. {Va\- da, 1828); Kunstraan, Ihh. I/raban. Maur. (:Mainz, 1841).
Rhabdos ek tes riiizes ('P«/3^oe Ik Ti]Q pi^nQ, a stem out of the root) is the beginning of one of the odes of St. Cosmas, surnamed " the ^lelodist." also " Hie- rosolymitauus," and sometimes " Hieropolites." Like liis foster-brother .John of Damascus, Cosmas became a monk of St. Sabas, and, against his will, was con- secrated bishop of Maiuma, near Gaza, by .John, pa- triarch of Jerusalem, about A.D. 745. He led a holy life, and died in good old age about 760. Cosmas was the most learned of the Greek poets. He wrote on the Nativity, the Transfiguration, and the Purification, and on Gregory Nazianzen. His fondness for types, boldness in their application, and love of aajgregating them make him the Oriental Adam of St. Victor. His hymns are much used and praised in the Eastern Church, IX.— A
and he is commemorated on Oct. 14. We subjoin the first stanza of this ode in Neale's translation :
" Rod of the Root of Jesse, Thiiu, Flower fif Mary l)orn, From that thick shady mouutain C'Min'st glorious forth this moru: Of her, ihe ever Virgin, Incarnate wast thou mside, The immaterial Essence — Tlie God by all obeyed ! Glory, Lord, thy servants pay To thy wondrous might to-day!"
Corhp. Neale, flynms of the Eastern. Church, p. 127 sq.; Miller, Simjers and Songs of the Church, p. 16. (U. P. )
Rhanatosan hemin asothen (Vavc'irijinav ))/(Ti' ai'w^Ei') is the beginning of the sixth ode by St. Joseph of the Studium, or the "Hymnologist" (q. v), of which the following stanza is the translation of Neale :