V. Literaiure, — It would be absurd to present any apparatus hibliographicus for a subject such as The Holy Roman Empire, the literature of which embraces all the chronicles, all the secular and ecclesiastical his- torians, all the scholastic and diplomatic documents rel- ative to the constitution and relation of Church and State for many centuries. It may suffice to mention some of the lighter and more accessible treatises which discuss important parts of the subject: I'feftel, .4 i?-w/« Chronolofiique de V llistoirv et du Droit Public d\4 lle- maf/ne (Paris, 177G, 2 vols. 4to); Piittcr, Dixnertationes de In.ttdura/ionc Rom. Imperii; 15utler, Xotes on the Chief lieroliithms of the ^States composiuy the Empire of Charlemar/iie (Lond. 1807, 8vo) ; Lehueron, lust. Merov. et Carlovimjiennes (Paris, 1843, 2 vols.) ; Jlilman, Hist.
Latin Christianity; GKenviooA, Cathedra Petri; Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (4th ed. Lond. 1873) ; Waitz, Deutsche Kaiser von Karl dem Grossen, etc. ; DoUinger, Bas Kaiserthum Karb des Grossen, etc.; Hofler, Kaiserthum und Papstthuni; Moser, Romische Kay set: (G. F. H.)
Roman Manner, the custom of building church- es of stone, spoken of in 675, when Benedict Biscop, ab- bot of Wearmouth, went to France to engage masons. It was about the same time called the Gallican mode. — Walcott, Sac. A rchceol. s. v.
Romanelli, Giovanni Francesco, a painter of the Roman school, was born at Viterbo in 1617. His first master was Domenichino, but his style was chiefly gained from Pietro di Cortona, under whom he afterwards stud- ied. Later he adopted a manner more his own and less imposing, but more soft and pleasant. It is in this style that his best works are executed, as The Descent from the Cross in St. Ambrose's at Rome. Romanelli was employed by cardinal Barberini in the decoration of his palace, and also by Jlazarin. He died in 1663. His works are very numerous in Rome, and are all on religious or mythological subjects. — Hoefer, Nuuv.Biog, Generale, s. v.
Romanes, Francis, a convert from Romanism, was a native of Spain, but afterwards became a resident of Bremen, where he transacted business for Antwerp mer- chants. When convinced of the errors of papacy, he re- signed his agency, informed his employers of the change in his religious belief, and devoted himself to the service of religion. While in Spain laboring for the conversion of his parents, he was informed against by his former employers, arrested, and after imprisonment was burned. In this torture, as long as he was able to speak, he con- tinued to repeat the 7th Psalm. See Fox, Book of Mar- tyrs.
Romanese (Romonsch, or Upper and Lower Engadine) Version of the Scriptures. This ver- sion is used in the Grisons, anciently a part of Rh:Btia, and ccmstituting the south-eastern angle of Switzerland. The mountainous parts of this canton are inhabited by the little Romanese nation. The Engadine, or valley of the Inn, on the borders of the Tyrol, is inhabited by a section of this people, to whom a Romanese dialect called Churwelsche is the vernacular. The other Ro- manese dialect is called Ladiniche, and is spoken in the valley of the Rhine, on the confines of Italy. Both these dialects being derived from the Latin tongue, they pre- serve to this day the most striking characteristics of the Romance languages. The New Testament was printed in the former of these dialects in 1560 in the translation of Jacob Biffrun, and the whole Bible in 1679, prepared by Jac. Ant. Vulpio and others. In the latter, the Bible was published in 1718 under the title La S. Bihla quei ei: Tut la Soinchia Scartira, ner tuts ils Cudischs d' ilff Veder a Nirf Testament, cum ils Cudischs Apoci-yj^hs Messa giu Ent ihj Lanyuaig Rumonsch da la Ligia Grischa Tras Anschins survients d' ilg Plaid da Deus d' ils venerands Colloquis sua-a sut il Guault. cum Privi- legio (illustrissimorum D. D. Rhwtorum. Asquitschada en Coira tras Andrea Pfeifer, stampadur. En ilg On da Christi IMDCCXVIII, fol. Coire, 1718). These editions, including an earlier one, by J. Gritti, of 1640, were all printed in the Grisons; but they were soon exhausted, and at the beginning of the present century a copy was scarcely attainable. A company of Christians at Basle, therefore, projected an edition for the use of these moun- taineers, and under the auspices of the Basle Bible So- ciety, and with the aid of the British and Foreign Bible Society, the New Testament in Churwelsche left the press in 1810. But when the poor Ladins heard what a treasure their neighbors on the Tyrolese frontier had got, they expressed a very strong desire to have the same in their dialect. The Bible societies of London and Basle promptly consented to grant them this boon, and in 1812 an edition of two thousand copies of the New
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Testament in Ladiniche had left the press under the title // Nouf Tes/ament da 7i<>s Se/jner Jesu Christo (tradlit in Ruraansch d' PIngadina Bassa. Stampii in Basel da F.Schneider, 1812). Several subsequent edi- tions of the New and Old Testament have been issued by the Basle Society, aided bj' the English Society, in both dialects. Thus, Bihlia o vera la Soinchia Scritiira del velg Testament (Siin cuosti dellas benedcentas So- cietas Biblicas da London et Basel e tras Directiun della Societa Biblica in Coira promovlida all stampa. Coira, 1815. Stampa da Bernard Otto); Ilg nieo Testament. Editiun nova, revedida a corregida, font esco pusseivel, suenter ilg original Grec (da Otto Carisch, a squitschada a oust da las Societads Biblicas da Quera a da Basel. Qera, Stamparia da Pargiitzi a Felix. 1856 ) ; II nouv Testanuiint, ii-adiit nel dialect Roumaiintsch d'Engiadina (ota tres J. Menni. Coira, 1861). See Keuss, in Herzog's Real-Encgklop. s. v. " Romanische Bibeliibersetzungen ;" id. Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Neuen Testaments (Brunswick, 1874), § 489; Theolugisches Universal- Lexikon, s. v. " Romanische Bibeliibersetzungen ;" The Bible of Every Land, p. 287 sq. ; Bihliotheca Biblica (Braunschw. 1752), p. 174; Zuchold, Bihliotheca Theo- logica, i, 139 ; ii, 1310, 1315. (B. P.)