4. Doctrine. — ^^As regards doctrine, the Russian Church may be considered as identical with the common body of the Greek Church (q. v.). With that Church it re- jects the supremacy of the pope and the doidile proces- sion of the Holy Ghost. All the great leading charac- teristics of its discipline, too, are the same ; the differ- ences of ceremon}' being too miiuite to permit our en- tering into detail. The discipline as to the marriage of the clergy is the same as that described for the Greek Church; and in carrying out the law which enforces celibacy upon bishops the Russians adopt the same ex- pedient with the Greeks, viz. of selecting the bishops from among the monks, who are celibates by virtue of their vow.
5. Liturgy. — The service of the Russian Church was, at its commencement, borrowed from the Greek Church, according to the books translated by Cyril and Metho- dius into the Slavic, which to this day is the language of the Church. They translated, however, oidy the most necessary books, the others being translated into Russian since the time of Yaroslav I. In them were found many mistakes which Cyprian and Photius la- bored to correct; but, as the metropolitans who suc- ceeded them were Russians, and not well versed in the Greek language, errors again crowded in. Maksim, a monk, was called from Athos in 1506 and ordered to re- vise the Churcli books, and soon discovered that, by the numerous errors of translation, even the articles of the Creed had been changed in meaning. His work dis- pleasing some, they brought false charges against him, and he was sent to a monastery, deprived of the sacra- ments, and, after thirty years of suffering, died in 1556. When Nikon became patriarch, he undertook the cor-
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rection of the books, and sent to the East the monk Arseny Suchanovv for the purpose of collecting ancient Greek and Slavic jMSS. Tliis resulted in the correc- tion of the Scriptures and the introduction of the cor- rected version in the place of the old ones. The Church service itself underwent no change except the addition of some holy days in honor of new saints.
6. Clergy. — There are three ranks of episcopacy in the Church — metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops, who each have a peculiar dress. These three classes are called by the general name of archirei, or prelates; next to them in degree are the arcldmandrites and hegoume- ni, or abbots and priors of the monasteries; and last and lowest of all are the monks, who have been either or- dained for the priestly office, for the second degree, or
Muscovite Bishop.
diaconate, or are mere lay brothers without having taken the vow. The clergy are divided into two classes, regular and secular. The first are alone entitled to the highest dignities of the Church, are ordained under much stricter vows than the others, and are termed the black clergy from their wearing a black robe. The secular clergy have a brown and blue robe, and are termed the white clergy. Although special provision was made for the Roman Catholics in Poland by the erection of an archbishopric in communion with Rome at Mohilev in 1783, and still later arrangements, yet the whole policy of the Russian government is opposed to the free exercise of worship by its subjects. Accord- ing to the S/atistical Year-book of the Russian Empire for 1871, the orthodox adherents of the Russian Church exceeded 53,000,000, the clergy of all ranks numbering about 21.5,000. Religious sects abound, who all go by the general name of Raskolniks (q. v.). See King, Travels in Russia ; KrazinSki, Rvli'jious History of the Slavonic Nations; Mouravieff, //istory of the Church in Russia ; Ricaut, History of Greek and A rineniun Church- es (1694). See Russia.
Rust (/3p(S(T(C, '''c) occurs as the translation of two different Greek words in Jlatt. vi, 19, 20 and James v, 3. In the former passage the word fipiomg, which is joined with rrljg, "moth," has by some been understood to denote the larva of some moth injurious to corn, as the Tinea granella ( see Stainton, Insecta
Britan. iii, 30). The Hebrew •d'J (Isa. 1, 9) is rendered lipMffig by Acjuila (comp. also Epist. Jerem. v, 12, otto iov Kai jSpw^idTuiv, "from rust and moths;" A.V. Bar. vi, 12). Scultetus (Exerc. Eranr/. ii, 35; Crit. Sac. vol. vi) believes that the words (T))g Kai /Spwcic are a hen- diadys for (T()c fipi!j(TKwv. The ^vord can scarcely be taken to signify " rust," for which there is another term, lug, which is used by James to express rather the " tar- nish" which overspreads silver than " rust," by which name we now understand "oxide of iron." BpiTicrtg is no doubt intended to have reference, in a general sense, to any corrupting and destroying substance that may attack treasures of any kind which have long been suf- fered to remain undisturbed. The allusion of James is to the corroding nature of log on metals. Scultetus cor- rectly observes, "/Erugine deformantur quidem, sed non corrumpuntur nummi ;" but though this is, strietlv speak- ing, true, the ancients, just as ourselves in common par- lance, spoke of the corroding nature of " rust" (comp. Hammond, Annotat. in Matt, vi, 19).— Smith. More- over, various writers agree that the gold and silver coins of antiquity were much more liable to corrosion than those of the present, being much more extensively adulterated with alloys.